The Transformational and charismatic leadership theory

The Transformational and magnetic lead theoryIn examining transformational loss leadinghip some outstanding examples can be found in both ancient and modern times as exemplified by phenomena. Ghandi, Winston Churchill, Abraham Lincoln and even Adolf Hitler were outstandingly successful as transformational leading (even if Hitlers success was (mercifully) short lived). Hitler galvanized the German people by appealing to their national pride Lincoln led his country in the verbalism of devastating internal diversions Churchill rallied the nation in the face of impeding invasion and Gandhi moved his people to throw off the British yoke in the interests of national self-respect. In all of these cases, the situation presented national challenges to which in the opinion of the relevant leading required national responses.The resources that these leaders had at their disposal would scarcely have been enough to lead successfully in a transactional manner. The necessary resources came from the people themselves an example previously recorded in the Bible as the Parable of the five loaves and two fishes (Matthew 1534). Therefore, one quality of a transformational leader is that followers not only follow, contribute effort but also even contribute material resources needed to get the job done. leadership requires followers or subordinates and a vision. This notion of leadership has existed for millennia and is recorded in both the Bible and (in China) the Tao Te Ching.(Blanchard Carey cited in Hesselbein Goldsmith, 2006). At the same time, modernistic concepts of leadership stress that leaders will need to take into account the wants of the subordinates that now no longer focus primarily on money (Goldsmith, cited in Hesselbein Goldsmith, 2006). If more(prenominal) money is no longer a prime incentive for followers then transactional leadership has become lost some of its influence and a leader needs to be more aware of emotional appeals.Huang (2005) noted th at scholars in characterizing leaders as transformational often filter out the structural components of action and give a leader as a person of extraordinary qualities performing heroic and revolutionary actions. A transactional leader on the other hand strongly emhpasises contextual factors but neglect how a leader can create his or her own context. If no reconciliation is possible between the structural dealings shaping of and being shaped by a leader then a leaders contribution may be misleadingly attributed to a lustrous and catastrophic outcome.The circumstances that may call for exceptional leadership are not always foreseeable although both Scharmer (2009) and Cashman (2008) indicate that leaders can and should be developed that can foresee the future enough to take strategic and preemptive ,measures. Such ability requires a leader posses a degree of tractableness (Doz Kosonen, 2008 Navarro, 2006 OSullivan Dooley, 2009). Given that circumstances will play an important part in determining how a leader performs, the leaders should be able to adjust his or her leadership style accordingly. Amernic, Craig, and Tourish, (2007) in describing Jack Welch noted the different ways in which Welch acted at different times.Beddell, Hunter, Angie, Vert,(2006) compared magnetised, ideological and pragmatic leaders. Beddell et al. noted that a charismatic leader will seek to engage their followers by inviting them on emotional grounds to participate in a future vision. Charismatic leaders will willingly and opportunistically adapt their strategy to obtain their vision (Beddell et al.). Ideological leaders on the other had appeal to visions that emphasise traditions and common past experiences (Beddell et al.). This specialization brings into focus what type of leader is best suited for the current environment.Beddell at al. (2006) reported on the orientation of leaders and differentiated between socialised leaders and personalized leaders. Socialized leaders t ry to improve and enable others in order to contribute to the improvement of society as a whole, whereas personalized leaders focus on the image their followers have of them. Beddell at al. noted that socialized leaders look farther into the future and are able to get word the important issues to be addressed. Integrity was identified as a critical determinant of performance and outcomes of outstanding leaders. Given the events of the last few years in the financial world, integrity in leaders may no longer be taken for granted.Current leadership faces an environment that can be set forth as not dissimilar to the crises environments that were faced by the above mentioned leaders. The criteria of today and the future have changed from the immediate past. Current leaders continue to maintain armorial bearing statements that are unclear, wrongly focused or misleading the social contract between leadership and followers that has been in place for decades has weakened to the point of ineffectiveness concepts of justice and fairness are being reexamined (Handy, 2006). The ethical behavior of several leaders has called into question if current leaders can be trusted (Blanchard Carey, 2006).Transformational and charismatic leadership theory address the leadership styles that foster change by appealing to emotional rather than material values (Barbuto, 2005 Antonakis House, 2002 Nahavandi, 2006). Twigg Fuller, and Hester (2008) found that transformational leadership fostered organisational commitment by stressing a sense of common participation. Twigg et al. found that transformational leadership style was a better determinant of citizenship behavior than other leadership styles. Twigg et al. noted that transformational leadership augments transactional leadership but goes beyond material exchanges. Transformational leaders establish covenants whereby commonly held beliefs and values are considered in addition to contractual obligations.Examples of transformationa l leadership be and can make the difference in achieving goals that transactional leadership is unable to achieve. In the organizational field, Kelly (2004) analysed NASA and concluded that there were two eras the first of which was characterized by recognized leaders and programs that were embraced by both the public and the organization. The second era on the other hand was seen as a bureaucracy subject to political and budget influences.The difference between the two eras can be deduced from the leadership. President Kennedy in announcing that the United States would send a man to the moon and return him safely before the Russians did so was the transformational leadership that Scientist Werner von Braun and NASA Director Webb transactionally (Scott Davis, 2007) put into effect.Amernic, J., Craig, R., Tourish, D. (2007, December). The transformational leader as pedagogue, physician, architect, commander, and saint Five root metaphors in Jack Welchs letters to stockholders of G eneral Electric. Human Relations, 60(12), 1839.Antonakis, J. House, R.J. (2002). The full-range leadership theory The way forward. In Avolio, B. J. Yammarino, F. J. (Eds.) (2002). Transformational and Charismatic Leadership The Road Ahead. untried York, Elsevier.Barbuto, J. E,. Jr (2005). Motivation and Transactional, Charismatic, and Transformational Leadership A test of antecedents Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies 11,9(4)Beddell, K., Hunter, S.,Angie, A., Vert,A.(2006). A historiometric examination of Machiavellianism and a new taxonomy of leadership. Journal of leadership and organizational studies, 12(41),15-32.Blanchard, K. Carey D. (2006) Regaining Public Trust a leadership challenge. In Hesselbein, F., Goldsmith, M. (2006). The leader of the future Visions, strategies and practices for the new era. San Francisco Jossey-Bass.Cashman, K. (2008). Leadership from the inside out Becoming a leader for life. San Francisco Berrett-Koehler.Doz, Y., Kosonen, M. (2008 ). Fast strategy How strategic agility will help you stay ahead of the game. New York Pearson/LongmanGoldsmith, M (2006) principal new age professionals. . In Hesselbein, F., Goldsmith, M. (2006). The leader of the future Visions, strategies and practices for the new era. San Francisco Jossey-Bass.Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., Mckee, A.(2002), Primal Leadership Realizing the Power of Emotional Intelligence. In Business Leadership. Jossey- educational Leadership. San Francisco A. WileyHandy, C. (2006) Philosopher leaders. In Hesselbein, F., Goldsmith, M. (2006). The leader of the future Visions, strategies and practices for the new era. San Francisco Jossey-Bass.Hesselbein, F., Goldsmith, M. (2006). The leader of the future Visions, strategies and practices for the new era. San Francisco Jossey-Bass.Huang, G. C. (2005). Chiang Kai-Sheks use of shame an interpretive study of agency in Chinese leadership. Doctoral Dissertation University of Chicago. Chicago Illinois. Retrieved Octobe r 25, 2007, from ProQuest Digital Dissertations database.Kelly, J. D. (2002). An organizational history of the national aeronautics and space administration A critical comparison of administrative ending making in two pivotal eras. Los Angeles School of Policy and Planning, University of Southern CaliforniaNahavandi, A. (2006). The art and science of leadership (4th Ed.). Upper Saddle River New tee shirt Pearson Publishing Inc.Navarro, P. (2006). The well-timed strategy Managing the business cycle for competitive advantage. Upper Saddle River, NJ Wharton School Pub.OSullivan, D. Dooley, L. (2009). Applying innovation. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage.Scharmer, C. O. (2009). Theory U Leading from the future as it emerges. San Francisco Berrett-Koehler.Scott, W. Davis, G. (2007). Organizations and organizing rational natural and open system perspectives. New JerseyPrentice Hall.Twigg N.W., Fuller J.B. Hester, K.(2008). Transformational Leadership in Labor Organizations The Effects on Union Citizenship Behaviors Journal of Labour Research.(2008) 2927-41,27-41. Published online 24 November 2007 Springer Science + Business Media B.V. Retrieved November 25 2008 from Emerald data base.

Fullerenes Synthesis Extraction and Purification

Fullerenes Synthesis Extraction and PurificationThere be many methods to synthesis C60 and C70 in gram quantities in the laboratory. In addition, high(prenominal) agglomerate fullerenes (larger fullerenes molecules) can be produced and seized , albeit in very small amounts 1.Most methods for generation of large quantities of fullerenes produce a mixture of impurity molecules and stable fullerenes. For this reason, fullerene synthesis must be followed by processes of plagiarizeion and purification of fullerenes from impurities according to mass 1.Synthesis of FullerenesFullerene molecules can be synthesized in the laboratory in a capacious variety of methods, all involving the formation of a carbon- rich vapour 1.Early methods officed laser evaporation technique which produces very small quantities of fullerenes 1. The later approaches take on an electric discharge amidst black lead electrodes in He gas 10.Laser Evaporation TechniqueThis method was used in 1984 for the first m by Rohlfing and others 8. They noticed that carbon cluster Cn with a huge number of carbon atoms (more than 190) could be produced 9. In 1985 Kroto, Smalley and co- workers used this technique to generate and detect the about stable carbon clusters 7.This method involves vaporization of carbon species from the rotating graphite disk into a high density helium, using a NdYAG laser physical process at 532nm, (fig2). The resulting carbon clusters were analysised by time -of- flight mass spectrometry. The first observation of the mass of C60 was a 720 amu peak. Although this approach produces minute quantities of fullerenes, it is still essential if when we use later modification. This modification will help to heat the dusk of graphite. Therefore, it gives remarkable control of fullerene distribution and the generation of specific fullerenes 2.Arc EvaporationThere is no doubt that this technique is an efficient way to produce gram quantities of fullerenes in the laboratory 1. For the formation of fullerenes by this technique, an arc is struck between two graphite electrodes in atmosphere of 100200 torr of He. The contact between the electrodes is primary(prenominal)tained by the influence of gravity. The apparatus is surrounded by water to chill the soot to achieve the resulting soot which may contain approximately 10-15% of soluble fullerenes 2.The first design by Wudl and co- workers used a pyrex cylinder for the vacuum shroud. Although this gives a suitable method for visual inspection of the graphite electrodes through the well, the glass cylinder is easily damaged. For this reason, it is appropriate to change it with a stainsteel cylinder with a window 1.Fullerene ExtractionIn this process of fullerenes production, soluble impurity molecules and insoluble nanoscale carbon soot are generated with soluble fullerenes. Two effective methods are used to displume the fullerenes from the soot 1.Solvent MethodsSolvent method is the most common method is us ed to dissolve the fullerenes in benzene, methylbenzene (preferred over benzene due to its toxicity is lower) or other suitable dissolving agent. However, the resoluteness also contains other soluble hydrocarbon impurities 2. It can be separated soot and other insoluble molecules from the solution by filtration. The early method used Soxhelt extraction in a hot solvent to remove fullerenes from the soot. This technique is used where the molecules to be extracted from the solid state are soluble in organic solvent, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from coal. This apparatus consists of double thimble containing soot, fullerenes and other materials and at the bottom the solvent is boiled in the flask. The solvent vapors and rises to condense in the condenser unit, the solvent distills then the solution passes through the thimble wall. The solution which contains the extracted molecules returns to the flask. The molecules that are not soluble in the solvent remain in the thim ble. Another alternative method, the soot is separated in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at room temperature before sonicating the soot in an ultrasonic bath for 20 minute. Removing insoluble molecules by filtration and a rotary evaporator at 50C are used to remove THF from the fullerenes. It can be noticed that the higher change state point solvent and more polar isolate the higher mass fullerenes 1.Sublimation MethodsIt can be sublimated microcrystalline C60 and C70 powderize at low temperature Ts350C (C60) and Ts460C (C70). For this reason, C60 and C70 can be separated directly from the soot without introducing solvents, such as benzene, methylbenzene, carbon disulfide or hexane. This method provides a beneficial alternative to solvent extraction for some cases which are sensitive to contamination of solvent in the sample. In this approach, the raw soot is placed in a quartz pipework and the whole apparatus is heated in a furnace. Dynamic pumping is preferred because it is likely the s oot may contain polyaromatic hydrocarbons impurities. The raw arc soot in the end of tube is kept at the highest temperature T600-700 C. The higher mass fullerenes sublimate from the soot which then condenses in the colder section of the tube. Since the sublimation temperature of C70 and higher fullerenes are higher than that of C60, they will condense closer to the soot. The production of a C60 molecular beam from a microcrystalline mixture of C60 and C70 depends on the difference in sublimation temperature between C60 and C70. This microcrystalline mixture is placed in a dynamic vacuum and is heated above the sublimation temperature of C60. The sublimation rate for C60 in vacuum at T400 C is favored by a factor of 20 over that C70. A pure molecular beam of C60 can be obtained, because C70 is a factor of 7 less abundant in arc soot than C60 1.Kratschmer et al 11 used the method of directly subliming fullerenes from the solid material. However, this does not provide pure fullerenes .Fullerene PurificationThe earlier methods of extraction may bring impurity molecules with the most stable fullerenes. The step of chemical purification must be carried out, if a pure fullerene microcrystalline powder or solution is desired. The step involves sublimation methods based on temperature gradients and solvent methods based on liquid chromatography. Fullerene purification means the separation of the different fullerenes in the fullerene extract into C60, C70, C76, C84 etc. Sensitive tools, such as liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), optical absorption spectroscopy and infrared 1.Solvent MethodsThe main technique for fullerene purification is liquid chromatography (LC). LC is a wet chemistry method which includes a solution ( called the mobile phase ) of a molecular mixture. This solution is hale to pass through a column filled with a high surface area solid (called the stationary phase ). The separation of fractions is verified qu alitatively by the comparison of the observed optical spectra, vibration spectra and NMR data or by color ( magenta or purple for C60 in toluene and reddish- orange for C70 in toluene). Liquid chromatography separates molecules according to their weights. Moreover, this technique can be utilized to separate a single allotrope, such as C76, or to isolate isomers with different molecular shapes but having the same molecular weight, such as separating C78 with C2 symmetry from C78 with D3 symmetry 1.The liquid chromatography process involves chemical or physical interactions between a particular molecule and the stationary phase. This interaction reduces (or raises) the rate of migration for that molecule through the column or raises (or reduces) the retention time for that molecule.Remarkable chemical or physical differences for the molecular species, such as surface absorption, shape and mass are authoritative to provide a clear chromatographic separation. Early approaches to C60, C7 0, and higher fullerenes purification included flash column chromatography of the raw fullerene in a column packed with neutral alumina as the stationary phase and hexane/toluene ( 95/5 volume % ) as the mobile phase. Although this process was found useful, it used abundant quantities of solvent that was difficult to recycle 1.One of the first important development to this method was high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

The Tale of Hong Kiltong | Love Suicides | Analysis

The Tale of Hong Kiltong Love Suicides AnalysisGender refers to a range of behavioural, material and mental characteristics that people use to differentiate masculinity from womanhood. The context of definition may take the construct as a synonym to sex, which means the press out of cosmos manly or female. The term can be used to define mixer roles and gender identity among different individuals.In the text, The Tale of Hong Kiltong, the tale revolves around a man who raises beyond his birth circumstances to prove his masculinity among the people. masculinity has a much far horizon that just creation male or female, as the text reveals. The living circumstances of the young boy, Kiltong, who was non a very famous son, and his father wanted to kill him merely when he realized that, he disappears to another land. His purport story reveals another side of masculinity when he takes the role of fighting for the unfortunate. The concept of masculinity conveys the fact that ones behaviour is a reflection of whom they are. In the spirit of capitalism, subgenus Pastor Hong wishes to eliminate his bastard son because he bore him with a maid-servant. This is the concept of masculinity in the society. The man has the power to have affairs with the maid servant without caring about the consequences. The presence of the other main wife does not some(prenominal)er, because women also bring in their place as feminine, in the society.The play, love suicides also depicts aspects of feminism and masculinity visualizeing the lives of the two protagonists, Jihei and Koharu. By virtue of being a man, the society expects Jihei to be amenable enough to take care of the family, implying that masculinity regards to responsibility. The society also does not criticize Koharu for being a prostitute, but lays emphasis on the reckless life of Jihei who the playwright accuses of being as worthless as a wastepaper (Chikamatsu Shively, 1991). The masculine aspect of being a man eludes Jihei. The reader also gets the feeling that muliebrity in the society is described as a pleasure provider since the society deems the lifestyle of Koharu as normal. To the society, prostitution is fine as long as it is a woman.In to a lower placestanding masculinity, thither are three basic distinctions that have been widely used, and they are evident in the text The Tale of Hong Kiltong, which Kiltong expresses, sooner than by the virtue of just being a male. The first one is a definition feature, for instance, risk pickings. masculinity has been defined in the past and the exemplify as characterized by risk taking. In the text, the aspect of risk taking is rampant, with Kiltong taking numerous risks by stealing from the rich to inspection and repair the poor. Despite being wanted for the atrocities he commits, risk taking produces him as a man. This implies that masculinity is not only being male, but also having such characters, meaning that there are females who as well manifest masculine characters since there can have been cases of risk-taking female. In the same respect, taking responsibility of situations as a feature can define masculinity. In this case, responsibility over other people was and still is the role of men in most contemporary societies, although in rough societies, women have come up to challenge the believe thus depicting their masculinity. The text, The Tale of Hong Kiltong opens by talking about the rector, who has responsibility over people, his wife, sons and maid servants. responsibleness is the defining feature of masculinity over femininity. Just like the minister, his son is also a vibrant young man whom despite being waned, takes bestir of unfortunate people, and when he takes the government post, the people continue suffering hence showing that he was directly responsible for the poor people. In the love suicide, Jihei does not fulfil his masculinity duties as a man, and lives recklessly ignoring his wife and children. On the other hand, his buddy is responsible and runs around trying to prevent the death of his brother and Koharu. This is a depiction of masculinity. Jiheis wife possesses what the society would refer to as femininity by being remorseful to the extent that she sacrifices her savings to save the life of Koharu. She is fiery and strong, portraying attributes of femininity and masculinity. Despite being a woman, she takes more responsibility of the family than her husband. This implies that the society had different views about responsibility as a agent of femininity and masculinity.Normative standards of classifying feminists and masculine regards to using the characteristics of what men ought to do and what women ought to do in order to qualify to be in either group. Although this concept is widely accepted, it has a major loophole that masculinity can not be a one minute show. Going by this definition, an individual can depict characters of masculinity in a mi nute and resume the normal characters. This cannot define the individual as masculine. For instance, the Hong tradition expected the male to have several sexual partners, which led to the Minister having an affair with the maid-servant. This took place for only a day, which bore him a son. The one day affair may not be used to classify the minister as a masculine since he ended up declining the responsibility of taking care of the results of his one day masculinity show.In love suicides, masculinity evades its normative standards if one is to analyse the life of Jihei. The only aspect of Jihei that classifies him under masculinity is the fact that he is the man of the home, but his actions in sinlessty, for instance, ignoring his family and his wife taking the responsibility, him being broke to the extent that he cannot redeem his lover and leaving it to his wife, among others, are the depictions that he has more of the feminine attributes that the masculine attributes.The final la ndmark that defines masculinity as a distinct aspect is the semiotic approach, which depicts the symbolic differences surrounded by femininity and masculinity. In this case, masculinity is the opposite of femininity, meaning that being masculine is not being feminine. Symbolically, an example is that masculinity is marked by authority whereas femininity lacks the authority. In cultural analysis, this is the definition that was effective in stating the traditional gender roles of both sides. In the text, The Tale of Hong Kiltong, the minister is the symbol of authority and he has the power of command in the territory to the extent that he orders pursuit of his son. Masculinity under this aspect regards to the widely accepted relationships through which male and female accomplish their gendered lives. This implies that masculinity is a place in the relationships and depends on the daily dedicates that fit them in their gendered lives and the consequences of the practices in terms of bodily experience, culture and personality.The texts also reveal the fact that one can understand gender as a social practice that regards to the bodies and their social functions. This can be widely understood by the fact that the daily conduct is organized in relation to the reproduction sphere regarding to the structures of the be and the reproductive system. Despite this revelation, there is no relationship with the body biology because gender presents itself because of the lack of the link between sociology and biology. This aspect, gender relations, is the major aspect of the entire contemporary societies.Femininity, in the society in love suicides, comes out as a sacrifice for the survival of men. For instance, Magoemon is ready to force a divorce between his brother and Osan in order to source funds to redeem Koharu and save his brother from suicide. Further, Osan is ready to sacrifice her savings to save the life of her husband and his lover.Masculinity and femininity reg ards to the gender practice configurations, rather than being male or female. Understanding the role of male and female in the text, The Tale of Hong Kiltong, can help elucidate this aspect of gender. Understanding gender can take place through various aspects like understanding the course of individual life and their character, the ideology, give-and-take or culture, and the institutions in the society such as schools and work places. Therefore, the model of understanding gender can adapt power relations, production relations and cathexis, which regard to the characters surrounding sexual desires and the practices that define it, as the aspect of gender order.The text reveals such aspects of gender through hegemony. The leadership of the Joseon dynasty seems to revolve around the Hong family and the male characters. Masculinity in this aspect is the gender practice configuration embodying an accepted answer to the problem of authenticity of the patriarchy guaranteeing the male dom inance and their women subordinating them in their positions. supremacy is also a feature of gender as there are gender relations that are specific in terms of dominance and hyponymy between groups. An example in the contemporary society is heterosexuality verses homosexuality.Complicity is the complexity of the fact that despite there being few men supporting and maintaining the concept of hegemony, many are beneficiaries of the subordination by their women. This provision does not give men a chance for tensions or risks of being in the frontline to protect their positions.Historically, masculinity and femininity as subsets of gender were distinct from each other by acts of rage and crisis. The structures tend to change with beat in response to various factors including orthogonal pressures, and sometimes from internal pressures. The conflicts of interest between the two classes of gender have been streamlined by factions like women movements in the past. The socially defined u nequal structures, which determined male and female in defensive and offensive positions respectively has met widespread resistance over time. Such battles may not lack ferocity hence reducing the aspect of masculinity and femininity as a mere theoretical notion that can erode with changing times.The system of dominance (in this case, male dominance) is characterised by violence and a measure of imperfection. The hierarchal system may not be legitimate, and the perpetrators employ violence in order to maintain the system. intense masculinity has proved fatal in the attempts to maintain dominance. There have been cases of sexual harassment, murder and domestic assault in homes and streets. This implies that in gender politics, violence is grievous in order for one to prove a point to the other group.Femininity regards to the set of behaviours, attributes and roles associated with the female individuals in the society. The concept is a social construct, although it may include the aspect of biological functions. In behavioural traits, femininity included moral characters of empathy, sensitivity to other peoples problems and gentleness. The behavioural traits eliminate the aspect of biological disposition in defining femininity in the contemporary society because either gender has possessed the above character traits at one time or another in a social context. The original context of the definition of femininity encompassed stimulated outlook of the female as a distinguishing factor from the male. The texts, love suicides and The Tale of Hong Kiltong present women as emotional characters who, by virtue of their gender roles do not have the audacity to reproach the male for their atrocities. Their emotional outbursts lead to some of them committing suicide for love in the Love suicides.ConclusionThe texts provide numerous aspects of masculinity and femininity and depict both as important entities in the social settings of the texts. Femininity and masculinity were respected definitions of the roles of gender in the traditional society. Although the distinctive roles are waning, they remain important concepts in many field in the contemporary society. Violence and crisis have been characteristics of the gender wars, with the male dominantly staying above the rest by use of violence to maintain their status quo. Feministic movements have arisen over time to challenge the demeaning roles of the gender classes, and through diplomacy, and most times violence, they have succeeded to some degree.The representation of gender in the texts have been characterised by violence and emotional oppression in order to achieve the gender goals by the powerful masculine practices.

The Harlem Renaissance Essay -- Culture

The Harlem Renaissance In Harlem between the 1920s and 1930s the African American culture flourished, especially in areas such as music, art, literary works, dance, and even in film. This soon became known as the Harlem Renaissance. With the entire positive and the negative situations of this time period the African Americans still seemed to have it all. The Harlem Renaissance came about because of the changes that had taken level in the African American community after the abolition of slavery because of World War I and the social and cultural changes in early twentieth century in the United States. After harsh conditions for African Americans after the Plessy vs. Ferguson Trial many of them decided to move to the North to New York. By staying in the South they became more and more economically depressed and thither was less of a demand for labor. Moving to the North became one of the best things African Americans did for themselves. There, work force could vote and there was a better education system for children. As a result of World War I and the Industrial Revolution there were better job opportunities for African Americans as well.At the end of the American Civil War in 1865 many free African Americans searched for a trust with education and employment opportunities. They ended up finding this place in Harlem, New York. This was where the first black middle class was created. In the early 1900s the African American middle class began to publicize for racial equality. During this time W.E.B DuBois was the head of the civil rights movement. Soon after, he began to work closely together with separate civil rights workers and activists. Together they discovered the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, also known as t... ...issance applauded the appreciation of the African American roots and culture. For example, literature written during this time showed artistic and imaginative ideas freeing black people from their past life and what happened to their ancestors just years before. Since these cultural experiences were now shared the African Americans celebrated this and today it gives us just a little bit of an outlook on some of our history. Works Citedhttp//www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap9/9intro.htmlhttp//www.biography.com/tv/classroom/harlem-renaissanceWallington, D. (2006) Harlem Renaissance Wiseman, G. (2008) How the Harlem Renaissance inspired a national community of black writersWatson, Steven. (1995) The Harlem Renaissance Hub of African American Culture (1920-1930)Baker, Houston. (1992) Modernism and the Harlem Renaissance.

charant Empathy for Characters in Sophocles Antigone :: Antigone essays

Empathy for Characters in Sophocles Antigone Sophocles tragic play Antigone, written in 441 BC, is a theatrical piece of drama in which an audience is compelled to empathize with its characters. When empathizing with characters in Antigone the audience can, in imaginative and cognitive ways, participate in the understanding of a characters feelings, ideas as well as their situations. Antigone, Creon and Ismene all struggle with decisions that concern the laws of their city and the cosmic law of religion and moral judgement. Characters such as Haemon and Eurydice ultimately rise the consequences of the decision formed by the two protagonists. Amongst the audience, empathy is created for both characters faced with agonizing decisions and characters inflicted with tormenting consequences. The levels of empathy felt for each character changes as the story develops and as different qualities be revealed about each character. The amount of empathy felt for a character effects not only th e reading of that character but also the meaning of the play. The premiere scene of the play involves Antigone asking her sister to go against the laws of the state to help her give the proper burial rites to their brother Polynices. In the first scene in that respect is an immediate sense of empathy felt towards Antigone as she express her feelings of misfortune to Ismene. My own flesh and blood - dear sister, dear Ismene, how many griefs our father Oedipus handed toss off Do you know one, I ask you, one grief that Zeus will not perfect for the two of us... (p59) By introducing Antigone to the audience as the fille of the Oedipus the empathy felt toward the tragic hero Oedipus is somewhat inherited by Antigone. The audience reflects on the hardships that the incestuous family of Oedipus have already endured and realizes that the wretched fate of Oedipus is still bringing grief in to Antigones life. This immediately gives the audience an insight into Antiognes personal f eelings and gives the audience the opportunity to feel empathy for the pain that plagues her life simply because she was born as the daughter of an ill-fated man. Because the audience has been put into a position where they feel empathy for Antigone her character is read with a sympathetic understanding, allowing any of her actions to be considered rational in her situation. condescension the immediate empathy felt toward Antigone because of the connection between herself and Oedipus, the audience is obliged to feel empathy for Antigone because her two brothers at war against each other clashed and won the common lolly of death (p66).

Norway and Its Climate Changes Essay -- Global Warming Essays

Climate diverge is a major(ip) global final payment and is a pressing issue in Norway as well. The coun raise has ratified the Kyoto Protocol and signed on to other treaties regarding the state of the earth. mistakable to its history, stream humor changes may have adverse effects on the culture and economy of Norway. ii significant climate change issues in Norway argon carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions and the warming of the Arctic Ocean both have important impacts on both Norway and the world. Climate change is not a new phenomenon for Norwegians. close to historians believe that slenderly over two thousand years ago the climate in Norway drastically changed from tropical conditions to frigid conditions, slightly more than total than there is straightaway (Larsen 15). This climate change had many effects on Norwegians, such as settling down and also changing the way they imbed their food. Since the climate became alike cold for the agriculture they were used to, Norwegian s shifted their focus to hunting and fishing. This change in climate had a drastic effect on archaeozoic Norwegian culture. Two thousand years later Norwegians are still facing climate change. However, this type of climate change is much different and more man-made than the previous. In the year 2004 the world is facing a climate change problem and international policies are required to help remedy this problem. Norway has been bingle of the most smug countries in the world in regards to its environmental policies and its efforts to reduce CO 2 emissions. In January of 1991, Norway introduced a CO 2 tax to try to reduce CO 2 emissions. There are several taxes in place such as twenty dollars per barrel of oil, thirteen cents per liter of gasoline, and cardinal dollars per ton of coal1... ...te disco biscuit millennia ago and the warming of the climate today today scientists have reason to believe that global warming is the result of excessive emissions of negatively charged gas es into the ozone whereas there is not a lot of evidence suggesting the earlier warming was human-induced (ORiordan 80). Think globally, act topical anestheticly, is a widely-used phrased when discussing global environmentalism. Norway has been doing its best as a country to take local action in order to try to decrease ozone pollution and increase sustainable practices. Norway has shown its leadership with its initiatives to improve its CO 2 emissions and its black market with ACIA to identify current Arctic climate change problems and try to develop solutions. Only time leave tell how Norway s climate will change and what affect that will have on global climate change and international environmental policies. Norway and Its Climate Changes Essay -- Global Warming EssaysClimate change is a major global issue and is a pressing issue in Norway as well. The country has ratified the Kyoto Protocol and signed on to other treaties regarding the state of the earth. Sim ilar to its history, current climate changes may have adverse effects on the culture and economy of Norway. Two significant climate change issues in Norway are carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions and the warming of the Arctic Ocean both have important impacts on both Norway and the world. Climate change is not a new phenomenon for Norwegians. Some historians believe that slightly over two thousand years ago the climate in Norway drastically changed from tropical conditions to frigid conditions, slightly more extreme than there is today (Larsen 15). This climate change had many effects on Norwegians, such as settling down and also changing the way they found their food. Since the climate became too cold for the agriculture they were used to, Norwegians shifted their focus to hunting and fishing. This change in climate had a drastic effect on early Norwegian culture. Two thousand years later Norwegians are still facing climate change. However, this type of climate change is much different and more man-made than the previous. In the year 2004 the world is facing a climate change problem and international policies are required to help remedy this problem. Norway has been one of the most complacent countries in the world in regards to its environmental policies and its efforts to reduce CO 2 emissions. In January of 1991, Norway introduced a CO 2 tax to try to reduce CO 2 emissions. There are several taxes in place such as twenty dollars per barrel of oil, thirteen cents per liter of gasoline, and sixty-four dollars per ton of coal1... ...te ten millennia ago and the warming of the climate today today scientists have reason to believe that global warming is the result of excessive emissions of damaging gases into the ozone whereas there is not a lot of evidence suggesting the earlier warming was human-induced (ORiordan 80). Think globally, act locally, is a widely-used phrased when discussing global environmentalism. Norway has been doing its best as a country to take local action in order to try to decrease ozone pollution and increase sustainable practices. Norway has shown its leadership with its initiatives to improve its CO 2 emissions and its work with ACIA to identify current Arctic climate change problems and try to develop solutions. Only time will tell how Norway s climate will change and what affect that will have on global climate change and international environmental policies.

internment camp :: essays research papers

well. I have realize that the people and government that maintain, cleanse, and protect the social fabric of America is a great one. But the social fabric of America is not as clean as we like to think it is. As a matter of concomitant the fabric has been stain quite a few times actually, and not with the type of stains that can be simply remove. But the kind of stains that take old age of steam cleaning and chemical treatment to restore to its original condition. In this case, the stains I am referring to is regarding the internment of Nipponese Americans and the long restoration period it took for Japanese Americans to restore their lives physically and mentally.John Locke was an advocator of three natural rights life, liberty, and property. The Japanese who were detain lost all of these, including life. When I mean life I begettert mean being executed, but when you lose your liberty and property based on your ancestry your whole life has been basically stripped by from you, so what is life then?A long history of Anti-Japanese sentiments fueled by economic competition and racial stereotypes propel the frontrunner(in my opinion) of this unconstitutional act, General DeWitt, to entertain it a personal quest of sort to assure a forced exodus of Japanese American into internment camps, ran by the WRA. The decision of internment was implement towards Japanese Americans living on the west coast in 1942 after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Claims of Japanese soldier being aid by Japanese American to help plan the attack on pearl harbor caused concern for the general public. The fingers of dead Japaneses soldiers were allege to have worn class peal from Hawaii university. But what made matter was when many influential news and media sources failed to investigate these claims of Japanese American sabotagesagainst the united states. the media didnt take time to keep questionable evidence of regarding these claims. The majority of the media were being bias by le ading public opinionpolls against Japaneses Americans instead of presenting evidence. Few journalists have claim in that location was no differences between u.s citizens of Japanese ancestry and the Japanese citizenswho attack pearl harbor. A popular slogan for the journalist who felt this way was A viperis thus far a viper wherever the egg is hatched. So a Japanese -American grows up to bea Japanese not an American.