Health and social care unit 7 Essay

Behaviourist approach, people believe that behaviour has been learned when we are younger and effects us later on in life e.g. if a child is too strictly potty trained then may effect them later on in life, and could have OCD Freud believed this. Classical conditioning is a theory discovered by Pavlov a Russian physiologist he worked on dogs and the digestive system before this study people believed that saliva was produced when food in in the mouth but then Pavlov found out it happened when the dog saw the food, possibly smelling the food. Pavlov used classical conditioning, his experiment was used with a dog. When the bell rings the dog doesn’t do anything until after a while Pavlov gives the dog a treat every time the bell is rung so every time the bell rings now the dog will start salivating. This is how systematic desensitisation works, people associate a fear or a phobia by something they may of seen the say that an accident may have occurred causing the phobia e.g. if a man had a car accident and the car that crashed in to him was blue, the man may have a fear of blue now because of this (the dog learning that food comes with the ring of the bell) psychologists can help this by slowly showing the man that blue isn’t scary by talking about the colour, seeing the word written on paper then seeing the colour and being comfortable with it, this is then cured of the fear this is called the Hierarchy of fear. This reaction can’t be learned so he called this unconditioned response. This theory is what psychologists use to look at phobias, it shows that there is always something too set a behaviour off e.g. if something bad happened in your life and the most thing you remember is a poster on the wall or even a song you listened to that night, you could develop a phobia of that poster or song. The best way to help this is to find the cause and ask the patient to make a list of their worst fear about that phobia. This is where operant conditioning comes in, this is used to help peoples frame of mind, they use reinforcement techniques and create more appropriate behaviour. â€Å"Let’s say that at your house whenever someone flushes the toilet the shower gets crazy hot. After a while, you learn to jump out of the shower stream whenever you hear the toilet flush. A guest at your house won’t know that this happens, so she will jump out of the stream of water when it gets hot but not when the toilet flushes.† http://instruction.blackhawk.edu 20:39 18/12/12

Overcoming Adversity to Become a Better Person Essay

In every person’s life, facing adversity and overcoming it is one of the biggest challenges that there is. People struggle with different types of adversities and while there some people who manage to overcome them, others are not so lucky and find themselves entangled in a web of problems for their entire lifetime. However, as painful and problematic as they are, adversities are important in that if a person successfully overcomes them, they become stronger in character and as a human being as well. This paper is a discussion of the adversities I have faced as a foreign student having relocated from Saudi Arabia to the United States. The paper will also address family, cultural and personal tradition that are meaningful to my country of origin. Specific adversities I have faced and how these experiences have made me a better person                     One of the major challenges faced by any international student would be the issue of relocating to another country to further one’s studies (Long, 2005).   In my case, it was not any different since I have faced numerous adversities some of which I still struggle to overcome. My country of origin is Saudi Arabia, which means that the major language of communication is Arabic. However, with the relocation to America, this meant that I had to learn English as a second language which is the main language spoken by American citizens. Initially, learning another language was very challenging since the language is not even closely related to Arabic. Communicating with other students in class was very problematic since I could not understand very well what some of them were saying. On the other hand, I would find it difficult to shop for most of the items on the shelves are named in English. Another major adversity I faced is the culture shock of b eing away from an environment and people I had become used to interact with on a daily basis. The culture of Saudi Arabia is very much different from what I have experienced here in the United States. The roles of religion, gender, family and education all differ when I compare them to that of the American culture. In Saudi Arabia, our culture dictates that people should live together in harmony as a family, but in America, this is entirely different. I found it very difficult to adjust to this life since it is not what I was accustomed. However, I have managed to overcome most of these adversities and they have contributed to making me a better person. For instance, now I can speak another language besides Arabic and I have experienced a different culture besides that one of my country. A family, cultural or personal tradition that is meaningful to me                     In Saudi Arabia, the country, mainly comprises of an Islamic culture with almost every citizen being a Muslim (Ham and Madden, 2004).  In this regard, there are many families, cultural or personal traditions that we uphold and believe contribute a lot in defining who we are as a nation (Long, 2005).  One of the most important tradition to us is that women are not allowed to drive in Saudi Arabia. The reason for this is that the Islamic establishment ruled that it is a law that every woman should have a male guardian accompanying them wherever they go (Ham and Madden, 2004).  To us, this tradition is important since it gives the man control over her wife and family. If a woman wants to drive, she can only do so with the permission of her husband who instead prefers to drive her. This way, the Saudi Arabian culture ensures that men are the head of the home while the woman is their helper and has to listen to whatever he says. The person I would like to spend a day with (living, deceased or imaginary) and why                     One of the people I would like to spend a day with must be my grandmother who unfortunately passed on five years ago. She was one of my favorite relative and person that I found interesting to spend time with. She always gave me a lot of advice about life and how I should carry out myself in the presence of other people. In addition, my grandmother guided me to stay strong in my faith in Islam and to never forget to say my usual prayers every day. Moreover, my grandmother was a very good cook who loved preparing delicious meals whenever I went to visit her. After the food was ready, I would help her serve it and we would both enjoy it as she gave me stories about our culture and how it originated. She was a very wise woman who knew a lot of things about life in both the present and the past. If she was alive today, I am sure I would still be enjoying her company very much. In conclusion, struggling to overcome adversities is not very easy but once a person makes to overcome them, they become a much stronger person. In my case, I have learnt to overcome adversities related to relocating to the United States alone, which has made me a much better person. In fact, I have more friends who are not from my country of origin. Furthermore, I have explained why the tradition of women is important to Saudi Arabian citizens since it is one of the ways that men are able to assume total control over their women. I have also cited that my grandmother was one of the people that I would desire to spend more time with, were she alive today. All in all, it is these occurrences that have contributed to shaping the person I am today. References Ham, A., Brekhus, M., & Madden, A. (2004).  Saudi Arabia. Footscray, Vic: Lonely Planet. Long, D. E. (2005).  Culture and customs of Saudi Arabia. Westport, Conn. [u.a.: Greenwood Press. Source document

Ansoffs Product Market Expansion Grid Making Tool

Ansoffs Product Market Expansion Grid Making Tool Strategy plays a huge role in a business’s success or failure. A strategy has to be chosen in accordance to a company’s vision, mission, goals and objectives. One of the major decisions that today’s marketing managers have to take is to follow what strategy and when is the right time to implement the strategy. With the ever-increasing competition in the market, along with the continually changing customer interests, it has become difficult for managers to decide upon a strategy which can ensure a substantial amount of success, even if steps are taken carefully. The more than ever informed customers are also forcing managers to change on a regular basis. This report explains the basic fundamentals of Ansoff’s Product Market Expansion Grid and the four strategies that can be deployed after using the grid. The grid can be used to predict any growth opportunities that may exist in the market for the company to expand its business, either in terms of market or in terms of products. Based on the strategy indicated to by the grid, the managers can decide on further actions which should be taken to be more profitable. The later phase of the report describes how Etisalat, the United Arab Emirates telecom giant, entered the Nigerian market in the fifth place and still were able to penetrate the market deeply within a significant small amount of time. The managers could successfully learn from their experiences in the Egyptian market they had entered before embarking their journey of Nigeria, and that proved to be very helpful. The report also discusses the various promotions that were undertaken by Etisalat and the reason those promotions were chosen. The report emphasises on the importance of research and using the findings of the same to enhance business profitability and success. Introduction With the ever-changing lifestyles of customers in the contemporary world, businesses have realised the importance of customers in the success or fail ure of the organization. To get along with the changing business environment and customer interests, companies are transforming themselves. Today, customers are ruling the business practices and telling the companies about the type of products and services that they desire. As a result, companies have also transformed from being product oriented to being customer oriented. They are now focusing on customers, tracking them, collecting personal information about them, which would help them to understand them better and provide customized offers. Bottomline: customer is the king. One of the main reasons for this is the fierce competition existing in the markets in which these businesses operate. With the on-going changes in the organizational practices, there resides the need to revive the strategies that a company work upon, of which marketing forms a major part. Good marketing has evolved to be vital component for any successful business. It needs careful planning and execution. To i ncrease the probability that a business will succeed, companies are continually revamping and reforming their marketing practices. One of the tools helping the companies to refine their business practices is the Product-Market Expansion grid, proposed by Ansoff, to detect new intensive growth opportunities.

Practical Application Of Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Practical Application Of Ethics - Essay Example In the utilitarian view, this may be beneficial for human in providing freedom. However, human freedom is not the substantial qualification for cloning as a practicing right because it prohibits human rights in production which are not restricted but has many options rather than it.Morality refers to codes of conduct put together and accepted by the society. These codes of conducts give conditions that would be adhered to by all rational persons. The concept of morality refers to the adherence to already existing codes of conduct in the society and applies to all human beings in the universe. Morality is inherent in the manner that it is a personal idea. It is a man-made concept that is defined by the society in which we live. It is also what a person regards as wrong or right. What a person decides as morally right or wrong is determined by person idea and principles. For example; Vegans hold a moral view that exploiting sentient animals for any purpose either food, clothing, entert ainment or scientific is immoral and archaic. Ethics is objective components of morals. Morality encompasses both moral and ethical concepts. If morality consisted exclusively of social system principles that are imposed then there would be no space for personal interpretation; this makes it ethical hence objective. Ethics and morality entail the principle of justice and sustainability which states that equals should be treated equally unless there is sufficient reason for unequal treatment to anyone.

Professional Values and Ethics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Professional Values and Ethics Paper - Essay Example it for work that we have not done.† (OLeary) The struggle for existence is immense in the current world and hence people quiet often keep values and morality at some convenient places alone rather than the entire life situations. Those who stick with morality or values may be seen as fools by the current world. Only those people who have sound insight over their life philosophy may try to adhere with values in their professional life. But it is necessary to keep values at the higher places to avoid unnecessary problems even in the current professional world. â€Å"The concept of Professional Ethics is partly comprised of what a professional should or should not do in the work place† (Mclarty, Mcburney &Stevetuff) I know a person who has been promoted for the high degree of values and ethics exhibited at work place. This fellow was working in the planning department and forced to continue in the second shift because of his reliever’s absenteeism. Unfortunately, even the person who was supposed to come in the third shift was also absent on that particular day and my friend decided to stay back even for the third shift in order to keep the planning processes intact. The plant manager has noticed his commitment and immediately he arranged vehicle and send him back to his home after the essential jobs were completed. In response to the high degree of commitment exhibited by my friend, he has been promoted immediately. â€Å"Professional Ethics concerns ones conduct of behavior and practice when carrying out professional work.† (Davison & Kock) It is possible for an employee to leak out the company secrets to its competitors for individual benefits. But such habits will definitely adversely affect the organization in which he is working. For example, if a company develops a new product to capture the market, the whole things about the new product and its specialties may be needed to keep as a secret up to certain time period for the success of the product. If an

Final Assignment Chapters 9 & 10 Research Paper

Final Assignment Chapters 9 & 10 - Research Paper Example ees as an opportunity to belittle her boss by stating it was too early to make such an early assessment yet she had not fully understood how politics had been used by Kathryn. It was very clear that everyone was trying safeguard his wellbeing but not the work of the organization’s development (Lencioni, p.25). The tech decision team also lacks significant communication in the sense that when Nick the chief operating officer suggests they acquire the green banana firm in Boston. Upon being questioned by Kathryn about the timing of the project, he responds with arrogance about her role in team building and not industrial technology (Lencioni, p.56). Another essential attribute missing from the tech Decision team that was a necessary for its effectiveness was lack of extensive collaboration. Lack of collaboration is when JR the sales head resigns and cities wasteful meetings as his reason for calling it quits with the company. Also by Mickey deciding to leave as a result of direct criticism for her focus in personal reputation rather than contribution to the team further exhibited lack of active collaboration (Lencioni, p.36). The Decision tech team experienced only the first three of the four stages of team development since we don’t see them working in respect to performing. Kathryn was effective in enabling the team moves through each phase in the following ways. In the forming stage the dominant human relationships are silence, dependence, self-consciousness, and superficiality. These are during the first week upon taking her new position as the C.E.O. She spent most of her early week walking in the halls, holding brief conversations with staff members and direct contacts and maintaining silence in majority of the meetings she attended. Since she was not well accustomed to her new job and proved her dependence by requesting Jeff Shanley to proceed with the weekly staff meetings as the head. She only maintained brief contacts with other employees and walked

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 37

Business Ethics - Essay Example For example, the level of pollution may vary but that does not mean that pollution is not experienced by either of the States. Differences in ethics are mainly based on professional cultures, laws, organizational culture, and human resource systems. In the United States, for instance, bribery to acquire a business is forbidden. In other countries, no business transaction can be conducted without bribery. In others, money obtained from bribery is tax deductible. In Asia giving business, gifts imply value for business relationships and convey respect. In the United States, such moves may not be necessary. Some might even consider it as a bribe to influence judgement. A code of ethics can be established for the global market through research. This will be achieved by gathering information about cultural requirements on different countries. These requirements can then be modified so that they are applicable to different business circumstances. Similarity with American code of business ethics will be professionalism such as proper communication channels. The difference will incorporate different cultural expectations. The first measure that should be taken in case an organization offends a foreign culture is to establish the nature of conflict by understanding the history of cultures. Expectations of different cultures greatly affect transactions. It is, therefore, important to understand cultural bases that define ethical behaviour. The second step requires conducting research about foreign ethical guidelines prior to getting into business. This knowledge acquired combined with good managerial skills can rectify an organization’s reputation. Finally, the offended party can be given the fundamental right to choose, and other advantages over the organization hence maintain integrity (Kent, 2014). Ethical frameworks greatly differ in the global business market hence making it difficult to distinguish practices

Police brutality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Police brutality - Essay Example Police have a clearly defined mandate, to prevent crime. In the execution of their duties, the police are obliged to remain within the confines of the law. Failure to abide by the requirements of the law, which stipulates their role, should attract independent investigations and prosecution in a court of law. It is unwarranted for a police officer to use force even for instances where it is not necessary. However, in some instances where there is rebellion from the offenders, the police are required to use reasonable force. In busting and preventing criminal activities, the police have to respect the bill of rights (Johnson 12). In essence, police brutality should be discouraged and taken seriously by the relevant authorities. In the course of their trainings, the police should also be sensitized on this issue such that they are able to understand the scope of execution of their mandate. Despite having to be fair, there is need for the police to ensure they use all the means possible to prevent criminal activities. Brutal police officers should be made to be responsible for their actions. It is important that a police officer act within the scope of the law. Otherwise, non-adherence to the law should attract the relevant punishment as provided. It is unlawful to use excessive force especially when dealing with non-violent and harmless individuals. In such a scenario, it seems that motivation of the police is to stamp their authority and not to discharge their duties as required. Those that are implicated having demonstrated brutal acts should first be investigated and prosecuted in a court of law. Reports have shown that police brutality is mainly directed towards the minorities in the United States (Abbott 60). It is inappropriate for a police officer to think that they are above the law; they forget that the same law is the one that gives them the mandate to discharge their duty. Police brutality

Four things one should know about the University of Miami Essay

Four things one should know about the University of Miami - Essay Example One of the significant differences that the CoE has from other colleges in UM is the structure to add and drop classes. The students are always required to see an advisor who assigns them the classes take. Students cannot add or drop classes by themselves. â€Å"The curriculum is so particular that we want to make sure that the students remain on track,† says the CoE academic advisor. The CoE is the only college in UM that has grown so much compared to the previous year. According to Mrs. Sierra, this is attributed to the fact that students who complete an Engineering degree have their choice of job. They are very lucky to get opportunities in other areas of their wish. Usually, the college has a higher rate of employment compared to other schools and majors. Students in the CoE are likely to do a semester abroad. The University of Miami has a wide range of programs for the students and their different majors. â€Å"I went to study abroad last summer in Rome, and it was the best experience in my life. I could see different types of structural buildings that do not exist here in America,† says Valeria Angelini, a sophomore, studying Civil Engineering. The professors in CoE ensure that freshman students are in the same level of knowledge, so they can help each other. This way, they make friends that for the rest of the three years in the university. â€Å"I am from Guatemala, and when I came to UMI, I was afraid to be alone; in fact, I remember making many friends in my freshman year,† says Alex Kuesterman, sophomore, studying Industrial Engineering.

Martin Luther King Essay Example for Free

Martin Luther King Essay On the 27th of august 1963, the March on Washington took place; its main purpose was to raise awareness of jobs and treatment of African Americans during the 1960s in particular. The event was officially called ‘The march on Washington for jobs and freedom’, involved where the six biggest civil rights groups [1]. The march led 250,000 campaigners through the capital and to the Lincoln Memorial, where Martin Luther King (MLK) performed his iconic ‘I have a dream speech’. This quickly became one of the most iconic moments in history, particularly during the civil rights movement. This reputation was helped by the march being the largest political rally in the history of the United States, further giving the march, and those speaking including king more influence on the treatment of black Americans for the rest of the twentieth century. In particular, Martin Luther King’s words energized the fight for equality. He was one of the most established freedom fighters during this time, looking for integration into a predominantly white driven American society. Furthermore he was helped by the work of his own group called the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) [2]. However, others accommodate the opinion that Kings short-term influence was minimal, and he in fact did nothing to help the treatment of African Americans twenty years after his speech at the march on Washington. I believe that the most compelling argument that can be made for the short-term influence of MLK is the passing of the civil rights bill of 1964. President L. B. Johnson himself proclaimed the importance of Martin Luther King’s march on Washington in bringing about the civil rights act of ’64. When talking to MLK about his march and the civil rights bill, Johnson says, ‘’I think the greatest achievement in foreign policy – I said to a group yesterday – was the passing of the 1964 civil rights act. ’’ Johnson said this directly to MLK in order to make him recognise how much of an effect his march had upon changing employment law in the US. The civil rights bill of 1964 meant that employers were legally obligated to pick the best candidate for a job regardless of their colour, race or sex [3]. Before the bill was passed, black Americans found it increasingly hard to find employment due to employers discriminating them, causing sit ins and marches such as the one in Washington which made known the problems that they faced, to the world. This was one of the main reasons that the march on Washington took place, which shows on a political level, its major significance. The reliability of this source is very strong because it can be said that Johnson would have wanted to look sympathetic upon Black Americans in order to gain their support, and therefore would want to support their movements. The support of African Americans would have been significant for the 1964 presidential elections taking place on November 3th, which he won with one of the largest landslide victories in American history [4]. An account from a black American called Mr Manley, who participated in the March, further cements the idea that King had a great significance in passing the civil rights bill. It reads, ‘’I believe it electrified the country†¦we felt a warm surge of pride when Dr King addressed the crowds. ’’ Although it does not mention the civil rights bill, it talks of the effect that Kings ‘I have a dream’ speech had on spurring the civil rights movement on, ultimately putting pressure on congress. The source talks of electrifying the country, showing how there was almost an immediate significance of Kings Speech in the march on Washington, as does the quote from L. B. Johnson. This would have helped racial discrimination overall by effecting even those that were not Black Americans, which would have also played a big part in reducing overall racial discrimination due to that fact the majority of the American population where white. So by getting them to sympathise with the cause, more relevant changes such as the civil rights bill would have been made, proving how after the march on Washington, Kings short term significance was overwhelmingly obvious. Another way in which King short-term significance can be seen, is the way that he changed attitudes of people and organizations around America, particularly in Chicago with the Chicago real estate board. After a march in Chicago about the estate board opposing housing laws, they eventually changed their stance. An account from a Chicago tribune in November 1966 reads, ‘’the march led to an accord that year between the protesters and the Chicago real estate board. The board agreed to end its opposition to open-housing laws in exchange to an end in the demonstrations. ’’ The short term significance of the march on Washington can be seen here through the similar ways in which King and his march of 700 people carried out their protest [5]. They achieved the result that they ultimately where aiming for just as they did in Washington which demonstrates the effect that King had on changing rules around the north of America as well as the south. This source is reliable as it is stating facts of the event. It talks of how a once segregated organization had now become desegregated as a result, and therefore holds a great way in helping to make the judgement on whether or not king had short-term significance, in this case it shows how he did to a great extent. In contrast to this view, it can be said that King didn’t have a great significance after the march on Washington because, despite the influences that he had on changing laws, there were still great economic difficulties for Black Americans. Even King himself acknowledged that he had not changed anything about economic problems. Evidence can be found after the march in Watts, a friend of his called Bayard Rustin writes about what King said to him, ‘’you know Bayard, I worked hard to get these people the right to eat hamburgers, now I’ve got to do something†¦ to help them get the money to buy it. ’’ This highlights the main problem that King himself could not overcome. His march on Washington won them equal rights in work and employment however it couldn’t do anything about the unequal pay that Black Americans received. This became a big problem to him, as without money, what he had done for African Americans did not have as big a significance as it could have and meant that discrimination was still very much an issue. King further reiterated the problems that African Americans faced economically when he said, ‘’it is much easier to integrate lunch counters than it is to eradicate slums. It is much easier to guarantee the right to vote than it is to guarantee an annual income, minimal income and create jobs. ’’ This source strongly agrees with the first one, mainly because they are both from King but moreover it shows how he could not do anything to change the ongoing problem of a lack of money being earned by Black Americans. This therefore may show that his short term significance was minimal, although they still say how he has already made a change but just not one that helped them finically. The Georgia state representative from 1980 to the present day, Tyrone Brooks shared these concerns even decades after King identified them. ‘’we’ve won the battle for the right to vote, we’ve won the battle against segregation, we’ve won the battle to go to schools of our choice. But we have no won the battle in terms of money, the economic challenge’’ [6]. This only further implies that King couldn’t influence any economic change even later in the century. However, to say that because of this he didn’t have a great deal of significance is unfair due to the other greatly significant changes that King influenced such as the civil rights bill of 1964. By pressuring congress to pass that bill, he allowed the focus to be changed onto economic problems, which would not have mattered if they did not have equality within the work place. Which on the other hand shows how MLK did have a great significance after the March. Despite the significance that King did have, it must be noted that he also failed to change the views of some more radically thinking Americans, which points to him having less of significance after his March. In an account from the Chicago tribune newspaper, they talk of the civil rights movement being futile. ‘’The ‘civil rights’ marchers are only hurting themselves and their cause. Chicago is retrogressing to the condition of a frontier town in early days, where shots are fired in the air and challenges to combat are hurled. ’’ It is clear to see that from what this source is saying; Kings Influence certainly did not have an effect on Chicago. However, in Chicago King achieved an accord between the Chicago real estate boards. They agreed to end their opposition of new housing laws, which calls in to question the reliability of this source largely in using it as evidence against the significance of King after the march on Washington. The population of Chicago had intended to give King a hostile reception before even arrived. This point is backed up and relived in an article on the daily Kos. It reads, ‘’ When rumours circulated that Dr. King was to lead a march up the middle of the expressway these raging groups literally packed bags with rocks to hurl from overpasses or side streets on to the marchers’’[7]. Although this reiterates the point that King failed to make an immediate impact of those from Chicago, it also makes it clear that the previous source from the Chicago tribune is not reliable. It is obvious from this that the mood in Chicago before King even entered was one of hostility, so it is no surprise the local newspaper did not support him either. This source is from an article written by someone that sympathises with king greatly as he goes onto say, ‘’If this was manhood, I was in no hurry to join them. ’’ This shows that he still had significance ad influence on views of people from the racist areas, as this person disagreed with those that opposed MLKs visit. In conclusion, I believe that King had a great deal of short-term significance after his march on Washington. The most compelling bit of evidence that points to this view is the impact he had on passing the civil rights bill of 1964. The nationwide impact was made clear after his death, when in a speech Robert Kennedy said, ‘’ Or we can make an effort, as Martin Luther King did, to understand and to comprehend, and to replace that violence, that stain of bloodshed that has spread across our land, with an effort to understand with compassion and love’’[8]. This underlines the significance of King as such a well renowned figure was encouraging the country to follow in his footsteps, which could be said, is the reason why even more was achieved after his death. As well as the civil rights bill, he also changed the attitudes of some people, which in turn gave him, and the movement more support in order to go on and fight for equality. Therefore, it is impossible to say he had nothing but an incredible influential and significant legacy after the march, which paved the way for future movements and laws to be established. [1]. http://www.infoplease. com/spot/marchonwashington. html [2]. http://www. britannica. com/biography/Martin-Luther-King-Jr [3]. http://www. archives. gov/education/lessons/civil-rights-act/ [4]. http://www. britannica. com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1964 [5]. http://www. chicagotribune. com/news/nationworld/politics/chi-chicagodays-martinlutherking-story-story. html [6]. https://www. doi. gov/pmb/eeo/AA-HM [7]. http://www. dailykos. com/story/2014/1/17/1270338/-Chicago-Summers-1966-67-Grown-Wary-and-Weary-of-Racism [8]. http://www. powerfulwords. info/speeches/John_F_Kennedy/8. htm

Role Of The Other In Dracula English Literature Essay

Role Of The Other In Dracula English Literature Essay Bram Stokers Dracula and Kate Chopins The Awakening centralises on the characters of Count Dracula and Edna Pontellier in the respective novels, characters marked as the Other for their distinction in racial and cultural traits and their transgression to strict Victorian social codes of conduct in the late nineteenth century. This essay explores the role and presentation of the Other in Count Dracula and Edna Pontellier on the issues race, culture, marriage and how the Other is represented through literary techniques such as language, symbolism, imagery and narrative strategies. In Dracula, Stoker uses visual imagery in his description of the Count, of his strange and undeniable racial foreignness in his threatening appearance and physical features, where his eyebrows were very massivebushy hair that seem to curl in its own profusion (Stoker 17). In Jonathan Harkers report, he further notices of Dracula: Strange to say, there were hairs in the centre of the palm and the nails were longto a sharp point (Stoker 18), features associated with nefarious criminals and evil beings that lack spiritual values and moral standards. A criminal is what Professor Van Helsing describes Dracula as: This criminal has not full man-brainbe of child-brain in much (Stoker 341), followed by Mina Harker: The Count is a criminal and of criminal type (Stoker 342); Stoker models Dracula as a degenerate criminal that poses serious danger to the society and uses Draculas intimidating features to represent his criminality, compounding his racial Otherness. In The Awakening, Chopin uses the same narrative technique of visual imagery where she describes Edna Pontellier as rather handsome than beautifulcertain frankness of expressioncontradictory subtle play of features (Chopin 5). Chopin brings out Ednas racial foreignness by comparing and contrasting her beauty and body forms to that of Adele Ragtinolle, a Creole descent who is the embodiment of every womanly grace and charm (Chopin 10). Ednas distinct attractiveness, being an American from Kentucky and different from the physical exotic dispositions of Creole women stands her out as different, whose form of beauty attracts men such as Robert and Victor Lebrun as well as Alcee Arobin. In his novel, Stoker portrays Draculas outsider status, contrasting his archaic Transylvanian cultural origins in Eastern Europe to that of modernized Western Europe where Jonathan Harker comes from. On his arrival in Bistritz, Jonathan describes the primitive land where things were new to him, such as the peasant man or woman kneeling before a shrine and Slovaks with their-coloured sheepskinscarryingtheir long staves, with axe at end (Stoker 8). He compares the unfamiliar Eastern superstition to his native Western rationality when a woman offers him her crucifix for his safety against Dracula, for he has been taught to regard such things as in some measure idolatrous (Stoker 5). Different in every respect from English nobles, Dracula asserts Jonathans and his cultural dissimilarity: We are in Transylvania; and Transylvania is not England. Our ways are not your ways, and there shall be to you many strange things (Stoker 21). As a solitary American woman who marries a Creole from New Orleans, Edna experiences cultural dissimilarity and struggles to come to terms with the cultural norms of the Creole society, where a womans place and fulfilment is restricted in the domestic realm. Just as Adele Ragtinolle positions Edna as an Other: she is not one of us; she is not like us (Chopin 23), Edna is surprised by the Creoles entire absence of prudery and freedom of expression (Chopin 12), where intimate conversations such as childbirth are openly discussed, sex to women are considered not for pleasure but rather for procreation and flirtations do not cross the boundaries of infidelity; such were the social codes in the Creole community which Edna feels growingly restrictive and eventually breaches. Where Dracula attempts to assimilate the cultural identity of the English, Edna resists the social conventions of the Creoles, yet in his assimilation and her resistance, both characters violates and threaten the soci al and cultural order of the society they are in. Stoker combines the theme of sexuality with violence in Dracula. The Count is portrayed as a revenant with a bloodlust in the human body and is primarily a sexual threat not only to women but even to men. Dracula expresses his contempt for authority and Victorian order in the most independent means through his sexuality. He possesses the hypnotic and seductive prowess that attract involuntary women into his clutches and holds the feministic role of reproduction, as his victims do not die but transform into vampires themselves, embracing a new racial identity and marking them as the Other. The magnitude of threat to the civilized society Dracula carries through his sexuality is illustrated first through Lucy Westenras transformation from an amiable Victorian lady to a voracious predator and then through Draculas grave personal invasion of Mina Harker in the very presence her husband, Jonathan, who lay asleep beside her. In the theme of sexuality in The Awakening, Chopin paints a picture of Edna as a woman trapped in a stifled marriage and who is plagued by a mixture of feminist and psychological issues. Unlike the mother-women of the Creole community who are protective of and idolized their children, Ednas motherly instincts are seemingly weak and is uncharacteristically distant from her two sons (Chopin 10). If one of the little Pontellier boys took a tumblehe was not apt to rush crying to his mothers arms (ibid.). Ednas discovery of her dormant sexuality stirs her longing desire for liberty and independence from the confines of male domination and a marriage she feels disillusioned with. Her outward sexuality ensues with her forbidden declaration of love for Robert Lebrun to Mademoiselle Reisz (Chopin 90), and also her act of adultery with Alcee Arobin for her growing need for passion, which breeds immorality and transgresses the conservative social values of the New Orleans Creole community. In Stokers novel, blood symbolises the basis of life to Dracula, which he feeds off his victims that not only sustain his physical but soulless existence but also provides its mythical ability to preserve beauty, as Jonathan noted in Draculas youthful transformation in a coincidental encounter in Exeter, England (Stoker 172). Stoker then symbolises blood with racial contamination because of the close connection between the vampire and blood, with all its implications of purity and genetic intimacy. Stoker also creates a symbolic contrast between English modernity in science and technology and Draculas embodiment of the primitives and superstitions, where Draculas threat hinges on the advance of modernity which brushes off the very reality of such a revenant as Dracula himself who seeks to destroy the society. Chopin similarly uses symbolism in the very introduction of her novel, where caged birds bear symbolic reference to Ednas restricted and subservient role as a wife and mother that society presses upon her and in the same way the birds cannot escape from their cages, Edna too cannot fully release herself from her obligations. Before Edna drowns in the conclusion to the novel, she notices a bird with a broken wing was beating the air abovedisabled down to the water, perhaps symbolizing Ednas unsuccessful attempt at escaping the limitations and boundaries in her role as a woman and foreshadowing her impending demise (Chopin 127). The ocean also represents a source of new life and a symbol of liberation for Edna, in where she feels rejuvenated and assertive upon her self-actualization of her dissatisfaction in her life and of her roles. Her acquisition in the ability to swim symbolically empowers her of her sexuality and her chosen identity and not one decided by the society. There is no single authorial voice in Dracula; rather than adopting a continuous narrative voice, Stokers writing style is straightforward and immediate, interlinking extracts from the journals of various characters that creates ambiguity but adds much realism to the story. Dracula is not given a narrative voice and his actions and mysterious whereabouts are only revealed by the progress other characters, in such a way that unambiguously positions readers as jury in the realm of the good in the battle against the evil Other in Dracula. A single authorial voice is adopted by Chopin in her novel in the form of a distant third-person omniscient. Chopins formal prose relays a sense of solemn gravity to the story and she adopts a writing style that is perceptive and concise. In her narration, she alternates between being specific on some occasions and vague on others, for example: It was the kiss of lifethat kindled desire and Edna cried a little that night after Arobin left herThere was with her an overwhelming feeling of irresponsibility, which strongly suggests their transgression of societal conduct through their phase of adultery (Chopin 92). However, Chopin uses implicit details to guide readers, perhaps to mitigate the foregone conclusion to which her text implies, in a her time when Victorian values still prevailed. Both Stoker and Chopin uses several literary techniques in Dracula and The Awakening, including foreshadowing, symbolism and imagery that reveals the Otherness in Dracula and Edna in their difference in fundamental ways from the society accompanying them. Through artful imagery and language that convey perceptive descriptions and ideas, characters and scenes in both novels come to life, making a vivid reading experience.

Sustainable Agriculture: The Ethical Choice for the Future Essay

Sustainable Agriculture: The Ethical Choice for the Future Thesis: The idea of sustainable agriculture is a legitimate, logical, and necessary approach to the new concerns and problems stemming from current agricultural trends in light of impending global food shortages and rapid depletion of natural resources. Introduction Agriculture has been a principal source of obtaining food to meet basic needs of humans for thousands of years. More recently, with the industrialization of agriculture, increased efficiency, and a decreased need for small rural farmers, there has been a resulting disconnect of consumers to the process in which their food is produced. As we are embarking on a new century, there is growing concern that perhaps our industrialized agriculture system is not functioning as effectively as it has in the past. It is time that we move to adopt a new paradigm as we realize the effects of modern agriculture on our environment, economic viability, and social justice issues, in light of the impending global food shortage. According to John Ikerd from the University of Missouri, traditional agriculturists currently foresee a continued trend toward fewer, larger, and more specialized production units. They see current trends continuing until a half-dozen or so multinational corporations control vir tually all processing and distribution of agricultural commodities in a single global food and fiber market. With this movement continuing as it is now â€Å"there will be increasing reliance on biological technologies and information technologies at all levels within the global agricultural system. Forecasts of the continued industrialization of agriculture permeate both professional agricultural publications and the popular... ...orld today. It is the ethical choice for those of us concerned with the well-being of future generations and the rural communities today. Works Cited Hassanein, Neva. Changing the Way America Farms. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1999. Bird, Elizabeth Ann R., et al. Planting the Future. Iowa State University Press, Ames, 1995. Pretty, Jules N. Regenerating Agriculture. Joseph Henry Press, Washington D.C., 1995. â€Å"Why so much controversy over Genetically Modified Organisms?† October 25, 2003. <http://www.cimmyt.cgiar.org/ABC/10-FAQaboutGMOs/htm/10-FAQaboutGMOs.htm>. Ikerd, John. "Sustainable Agriculture: A Positive Alternative to Industrial Agriculture" October 25, 2003 <http://www.ssu.missouri.edu/faculty/jikerd/papers/ks-hrtld.htm >. â€Å"Disadvantages of No-Till† October 25, 2003. <http://pas.byu.edu/AgHrt282/Tillage/sld023.htm> Sustainable Agriculture: The Ethical Choice for the Future Essay Sustainable Agriculture: The Ethical Choice for the Future Thesis: The idea of sustainable agriculture is a legitimate, logical, and necessary approach to the new concerns and problems stemming from current agricultural trends in light of impending global food shortages and rapid depletion of natural resources. Introduction Agriculture has been a principal source of obtaining food to meet basic needs of humans for thousands of years. More recently, with the industrialization of agriculture, increased efficiency, and a decreased need for small rural farmers, there has been a resulting disconnect of consumers to the process in which their food is produced. As we are embarking on a new century, there is growing concern that perhaps our industrialized agriculture system is not functioning as effectively as it has in the past. It is time that we move to adopt a new paradigm as we realize the effects of modern agriculture on our environment, economic viability, and social justice issues, in light of the impending global food shortage. According to John Ikerd from the University of Missouri, traditional agriculturists currently foresee a continued trend toward fewer, larger, and more specialized production units. They see current trends continuing until a half-dozen or so multinational corporations control vir tually all processing and distribution of agricultural commodities in a single global food and fiber market. With this movement continuing as it is now â€Å"there will be increasing reliance on biological technologies and information technologies at all levels within the global agricultural system. Forecasts of the continued industrialization of agriculture permeate both professional agricultural publications and the popular... ...orld today. It is the ethical choice for those of us concerned with the well-being of future generations and the rural communities today. Works Cited Hassanein, Neva. Changing the Way America Farms. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1999. Bird, Elizabeth Ann R., et al. Planting the Future. Iowa State University Press, Ames, 1995. Pretty, Jules N. Regenerating Agriculture. Joseph Henry Press, Washington D.C., 1995. â€Å"Why so much controversy over Genetically Modified Organisms?† October 25, 2003. <http://www.cimmyt.cgiar.org/ABC/10-FAQaboutGMOs/htm/10-FAQaboutGMOs.htm>. Ikerd, John. "Sustainable Agriculture: A Positive Alternative to Industrial Agriculture" October 25, 2003 <http://www.ssu.missouri.edu/faculty/jikerd/papers/ks-hrtld.htm >. â€Å"Disadvantages of No-Till† October 25, 2003. <http://pas.byu.edu/AgHrt282/Tillage/sld023.htm>

Is Freedom of Speech Really Free? :: Argumentative Essay

I sat in last period history class, my eyes fixed on the clock. â€Å"Twenty more minutes† I mumbled to myself, â€Å"twenty more minutes until freedom.† I was hardly engaged in the days discussion topic which was the current status of a post 9/11 world. I casually listened to the ideas of my classmates as I chewed my grape flavored bubble gum and doodled on my notebook, blowing bubbles and quietly popping them with my tongue in an attempt to pass the time. My teacher rambled on about how Saddam Heussein’s time to disarm is up and how Al Queda must be destroyed. One particular point of view from the boy sitting next to me brought my attention back to the discussion. â€Å"Actually, the U.S. gave Saddam Hussein the chemical weapons he is using, and the CIA helped him find the targets to use them on. It is their own fault he has access to these weapons and President Bush is moron. He doesn’t know how to get them back, he just talks big because he is t rying to make a name for himself as an active President.† I was shocked by the boldness of the comment but it was nonetheless an interesting perspective. I looked to our teacher to see his response. Our usually very open history teacher was obviously offended. The class was silent for what seemed like an eternity, before he snapped â€Å"Actually you are wrong, and that kind of thinking will not be tolerated in this classroom.† My teacher then dismissed my classmate from the discussion. I was shocked that a student was punished for having a valid opinion and for voicing it. I began to wonder if freedom of speech is actually free, or if there is in fact always some consequence for having your own opinions. The recent debate over terrorism and America’s reaction to it, has stirred controversy over the rights of free speech. Since the events of September 11, 2001, a large number of people have admitted that they believe the government should have a say over what is being broadcasted and printed The request for government censorship and suppression of free speech following 9/11, is nothing short of an infringement on our Constitution. As Americans, how can we claim be such strong defenders of free speech, and then turn around and put limitations on what we can say regarding the

A Tale of Two Cities :: essays research papers

A Tale of Two Cities In the fictitious novel Tale of Two Cities, the author, Charles Dickens, lays out a brilliant plot. Charles Dickens was born in England on February 7, 1812 near the south coast. His family moved to London when he was ten years old and quickly went into debt. To help support himself, Charles went to work at a blacking warehouse when he was twelve. His father was soon imprisoned for debt and shortly thereafter the rest of the family split apart. Charles continued to work at the blacking warehouse even after his father inherited some money and got out of prison. When he was thirteen, Dickens went back to school for two years. He later learned shorthand and became a freelance court reporter. He started out as a journalist at the age of twenty and later wrote his first novel, The Pickwick Papers. He went on to write many other novels, including Tale of Two Cities in 1859. Tale of Two Cities takes place in France and England during the troubled times of the French Revolution. There are travels by the characters between the countries, but most of the action takes place in Paris, France. The wineshop in Paris is the hot spot for the French revolutionists, mostly because the wineshop owner, Ernest Defarge, and his wife, Madame Defarge, are key leaders and officials of the revolution. Action in the book is scattered out in many places; such as the Bastille, Tellson's Bank, the home of the Manettes, and largely, the streets of Paris. These places help to introduce many characters into the plot. One of the main characters, Madame Therese Defarge, is a major antagonist who seeks revenge, being a key revolutionist. She is very stubborn and unforgiving in her cunning scheme of revenge on the Evermonde family. Throughout the story, she knits shrouds for the intended victims of the revolution. Charles Darnay, one of whom Mrs. Defarge is seeking revenge, is constantly being put on the stand and wants no part of his own lineage. He is a languid protagonist and has a tendency to get arrested and must be bailed out several times during the story. Dr. Alexander Manette, a veteran prisoner of the Bastille and moderate protagonist, cannot escape the memory of being held and sometimes relapses to cobbling shoes. Dr. Manette is somewhat redundant as a character in the novel, but plays a very significant

Prevention Postoperative Vision Loss Study Health And Social Care Essay

Postoperative ocular loss ( POVL ) after non-ocular surgery is a rare, but lay waste toing complication that has been associated legion types of surgeries and patient hazard factors. Stoelting and Miller ( 2007 ) estimate the incidence of POVL from 1 in 60,965 to 1 in 125,234 for patients undergoing noncardiac, nonocular surgeries, from 0.06 % to 0.113 % in cardiac surgery patients with cardiorespiratory beltway and 0.09 % of prone spinal column surgeries. The demand to understand the causes of POVL and the preventive steps that can be taken to decrease the likeliness of vision loss happening are deductions for anaesthesia suppliers and patients likewise. Consequences of POVL non merely affect the enfeebling impact on the patient ‘s quality of life, but besides the legion medical and legal branchings for the anaesthesia suppliers. Although POVL is considered a comparatively uncommon complication, the demand to understand the frequence of POVL and related hazards and causes are of import issues. In 1999, the American Society of Anesthesiologists ‘ ( ASA ) Committee on Professional Liability established the ASA Postoperative Visual Loss Registry to better understand the job ( Stoelting & A ; Miller ) . Reports of loss of vision have occurred after assorted non-ocular related surgical processs. Some illustrations of these are cardiorespiratory beltway, spinal surgery, hip arthroplasty, abdominal processs, craniotomies and processs of the caput and cervix ( Morgan, Mikhail & A ; Murray, 2006 ) . The three recognized causes of postoperative ocular loss are ischaemic ocular neuropathy ( ION ) either anterior ( AION ) or posterior ( PION ) , cardinal retinal arteria occlusion ( CRAO ) , cardinal retinal vena occlusion ( CRVO ) and cortical sightlessness. Ischemic ocular neuropathy is the most often cited cause of postoperative ocular loss following general anaesthesia with cardinal retinal arteria occlusion from direct retinal force per unit area as a lesser cause. ( Stoelting & A ; Miller, 2007 ) . Factors that have been identified as possible perioperative factors for ION include drawn-out hypotension, extended continuance of surgery, prone placement, inordinate blood loss, unneeded crystalloid usage, anaemia, and increased intraocular force per unit area from prone placement. Patient related hazard factors associated with ION include diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, morbid fleshiness, coronary artery disease, and smoke. ( Stoelting & A ; Miller, 2007 ) . Literature Review Several retrospective surveies have examined the natural history of POVL after nonocular surgery in an effort to place patients at hazard for POVL and cut down surgical hazard factors. The first, from 1996, Roth, Thisted, Erickson, Black, and Schreider reviewed oculus hurts in 60,985 patients undergoing anaesthesia between 1988 and 1992. The overall incidence of oculus hurt in this survey was 0.56 % . Duration of anaesthesia was found to be an independent hazard factor for oculus hurt. The hazard was further increased with general anaesthesia and endotracheal cannulation and in patients undergoing surgery of the caput or cervix. The bulk of the patients with oculus hurts had corneal scratchs or pinkeye. Merely one patient was found to hold POVL as a consequence of ION. This patient underwent lumbar spinal merger and the writers noted that calculated hypotension and hemodilution were used. In 1997, Stevens, Glazer, Kelley, Lietman and Bradford focused on ophthalmic complications specifically after spinal surgery. Of 3450 spinal column surgeries that the writers reviewed, seven ( 0.2 % ) instances of ocular loss were identified. Four ( 57 % ) of the seven patients suffered ION of which three had PION. Two of the seven patients had occipital infarcts, both of which were embolic. The 7th patient had a CRVO without associated periorbital hydrops or force per unit area mortification. The surgical times ranged from 3-8 hours in these patients. The estimated blood loss ranged from minimum to 8.5 litres. A 3rd survey, besides conducted in 1997, by Myers, Hamilton, Bogoosia, Smith and Wagner, collected patients by beging studies from the Scoliosis Research Study of POVL after spinal surgery every bit good as 10 good documented instances from the spinal literature. They found that longer surgical times and important blood loss were positively correlated with POVL. However, the haematocrit and blood force per unit area degrees were no different than in age matched controls without POVL. Twenty-three of the 37 ( 62.2 % ) patients had ION, 9 ( 24.3 % ) had CRAO, 3 ( 8.1 % ) had occipital infarcts and the staying three did non hold clear diagnosings. The writers concluded that reduced blood force per unit area is by and large good tolerated by patients, but that consideration should be given to set uping a minimal systolic blood force per unit area for each patient. In add-on, the writers recommended presenting long processs and protecting oculus place. More late the American Society of Anesthesiologists POVL register analyzed 93 instances of POVL happening after spinal surgery. The instances were collected via voluntary entry from1999 through June 2005. Eighty three ( 89.2 % ) of the patients had ION and the staying 10 ( 10.8 % ) patients had CRAO. All of the patients were placed prone. Surgical clip exceeded 6 hours in 94 % of the instances. In 34 % of instances the average arterial force per unit area or systolic blood force per unit area ( SBP ) was reduced to 40 % or more below baseline. The average haematocrit was 26 % with 82 % of patients losing one or more litres of blood. All of the patients with CRAO used head restraints alternatively of Mayfield pins and were somewhat younger than the ION patients ( 46 vs. 50 old ages ) . In add-on, 66 % of the ION patients had bilateral ocular loss and none of the CRAO patients did. Ipsilateral periocular injury was more often seen in the CRAO patients ( 70 % vs. 1 % ) than in ION patie nts. They once more identified the hazard of prone placement, blood loss and long surgical times. However, they were unable to definitively delegate a function to hypotension in POVL ( Lee, Roth, Posner, Cheney & A ; Caplan, 2006 ) . Another survey examined the published instance studies of ION after spinal surgery in the prone place. The writers found that PION was more often reported than AION ( n = 17 vs. n = 5 ) .3 In the bulk of the instances, some degree of hypotension and anaemia was reported. However, the writers note that the degree of blood force per unit area and anaemia sustained by these patients would be considered acceptable in most anesthesia patterns. Furthermore, the writers observed that average surgical clip was over 7.5 hours. Strategies the writers suggested to avoid postoperative ION included careful usage of deliberate hypotension tailored to the patient ‘s hazard degree and theatrical production of long, complex processs ( Ho, Newman, Song, Ksiazek & A ; Roth, 2005 ) . Case Study A 62 twelvemonth old male was scheduled for a three degree lumbosacral laminectomy and diskectomy ( L2 through L4 ) . He had a history of high blood pressure, fleshiness, stomachic reflux disease, myocardial infarction 5 old ages antecedently with two stents placed in the LAD, and a 50-pack-year smoke history. The patient had a surgical history of bilateral carpal tunnel release and ventral hernia fix with mesh. No old anaesthetic complications were noted. Current medicines included omeprazole, and Lopressor. He had no known drug allergic reactions. The patient ‘s physical scrutiny revealed an afebrile patient, pulse 67, respirations 16, blood force per unit area 162/92, SpO2 of 95 % on room air. The patient ‘s general visual aspect was a reasonably corpulent adult male in no evident hurt. Airway appraisal revealed a category 2 Malampatti, natural teething and normal cervix scope of gesture. Laboratory findings were hemoglobin 14.4 and hematocrit 40 % . All other haematol ogy, curdling profiles were normal. EKG was normal sinus beat and Chest X ray was normal. The patient underwent a criterions initiation and cannulation. He was turned prone, appendages were good padded and airing and critical marks were satisfactory. The process lasted for 3 hours and during a period of moderate blood loss, the patient had a period of hypotension enduring for about seven proceedingss. His blood force per unit area averaged 95/55 for about 30 proceedingss and for five proceedingss blood force per unit area averaged 80/45. Fluid resuscitation totaled 3 litres of crystalloid. Estimated blood loss was 550ml with a postoperative haematocrit of 29 % . On waking up, the patient did non exhibit any marks of orbital hydrops or POVL. The patient stated that vision was present in both eyes and his neurologic scrutiny was normal. Schemes for bar of POVL ION is the most common cause of POVL and may be designated as anterior ( AION ) or posterior ( PION ) depending on the location of the ocular nervus lesion. Ocular loss of AION is due to infarction at watershed zones within the ciliary arterias of the choroid bed of the ocular disc which flows into the choriocapillaris. The choriocapillaris is an end-arterial circulation with small transverse circulation and may be prone to ischemia. The posterior ocular nervus is served by subdivisions of the ocular arteria and the cardinal retinal arteria ; blood flow to the posterior ocular nervus is significantly less than the anterior ocular nervus ( Lee, et Al, 2006 ) . Many interventions have been attempted to change by reversal POVL, including anticoagulation, antiplatelet therapy, retrobulbar steroid injections, norepinepherine extracts ( to better perfusion force per unit area ) , diphenylhydantoin, osmotic water pills, blood replacing, carbonaceous anhydrase inhibitors, steroids and ocular nervus decompression. The most common forecast of POVL is small return of ocular map ( Lee, et al 2006 ) . ION should be suspected if a patient complains of painless ocular loss during the first postoperative hebdomad and may be noticed foremost on rousing from slumber, when intraocular force per unit area is highest. Pressing opthamologic audience should be sought to analyze the patient comprehensively, set up the diagnosing, and urge farther rating and therapy. Even though forecast tends to be hapless, prompt intervention may be the lone opportunity at retrieving vision ( Ho, Newman, Song, Ksiazek, & A ; Roth, 2005 ) . Obvious turning away of force per unit area on the oculus is a primary scheme to avoid ION. However, POVL has been noted in patients besides in the supine place. Current anaesthesia supplier instruction refering turning away of compaction of a patient ‘s eyes has made it a rare intraoperative event. Possibly nore good is keeping acceptable blood force per unit area and haematocrit, particularly in patients with multiple hazard factors. More than one-half of the patients entered in the ASA POVL database were positioned prone and were noted as holding important facial puffiness. When associated with systemic hypotension, optic perfusion force per unit area is diminished. Decreased haematocrit in the presence of other hazard factors seems to patients at hazard for ocular loss. Induced hypotension and hemodilution during prone spinal column instances should be avoided when patients have risk factors for POVL ( Lee, et Al, 2006 ) .

A Civil Action Essay

‘A Civil Action’ is a legal thriller, well-directed and presented in such a way that manages to create certain mood of extreme anxiety and fear, which all the more increases the tension level to filter throughout the movie. If you think that watching a movie in which lawyers are seen reading doesn’t sound exciting, you will have to give a second thought. The director, Steven Zaillian of ‘A civil action’, has managed to maintain the suspense and thrill throughout the movie. There have been lots of movies based on the water as subject but here water looks so ominous as it never had felt before. Jan Schlichtmann (John Travolta) is a lawyer who is greedy and runs a law firm that has only one aim and that is of getting profitable cases. Right in the first scene, Schlichtmann talks about which would be better for his business, whether a dead black or a dead white or a dead cripple or a dead kid, and while stating all this his voice is subtle cold. The film is all about the case of 12 dead kids who died due to contaminated drinking water, which is because of two main food companies. Schlichtmann accepts this case in order to get a good payoff. Because he believes and says once in the movie, â€Å"A lawyer who feels compassion for his client is worse than a doctor who recoils at the sight of blood†. The lawyer from the food company’s side starts with idiosyncratic and strange way so that Schlichtmann takes him too lightly. And when the trial proceeds, viewers start feeling the excitement and anxiety of what next was going to happen. Schlichtmann is seen gathering information for his case and spending lot of time and resources for the sake of them. So much so that his company runs of fund and they use credit cards, try to et loans and even buy lottery tickets to fight this case. Anne Anderson (Kathleen Quinlan), the spokesperson of the families whose kids died, is seen almost pleading and is quite sympathetic with the families. ‘A Civil Action’ is a story of the case but in the end the question does not arise about that is the winner. Even in the final sequence in the courtroom there is no slowdown as such and finally one feels that it was a story of Schlichtmann who turns to be a considerate human being slowly along with fighting for the case. During this journey he comes in ontact with Jerome Facher who is a strong attorney but always bounces a ball on walls and carries a suitcase that is trodden up. This act of Facher proves to be of assuredness eventually and his appearance itself makes other lawyers nervous. The ending gives the impression of the real creativity of the filmmakers and they don’t leave the viewers behind with a cheap one. So instead of giving any stereotyped ending, the director leaves it in mid-air and the thrill remains till the end. The direction of the movie is so intense that every time water is poured in the glass, a ringe of fear develops in viewer’s mind. In one scene Schlichtmann is standing on a bridge and water is flowing underneath, and the sound effects created here makes the viewer feel as if there is a dead secret in the water itself. Travolta has done an extremely good job and is seen quite convincing and of course very powerful. Travolta portrays the role of a man, who understands in the end that money is not the whole thing, in earnest and effective manner. This film is worth seeing for those who love thriller, which includes palpable suspense and tension throughout.

Aetiology Of Rotator Cuff Tear Health And Social Care Essay

Throwing jocks are prone to shoulder hurts as a consequence of the high forces placed on the shoulder during the throwing gesture ( Sepp Braun et Al. 2009 ) . The rotator turnup is made up of four sinews that emerge from the shoulder blade and connect to the caput of the humerus. Their map is to stabilise the shoulder. A rotator turnup tear can happen as a consequence from insistent throwing, emphasizing the rotator turnup sinews and bad technique. The hurt in baseball hurlers constitutes a tear in either sinew ( the subscapularis or the supraspinatus ) which are both impinged during the throwing gesture. In this essay I am traveling to depict two mechanisms, one three manner mechanism and one two manner mechanism of how a rotator turnup tear would come about. A three manner disciplinary hurt mechanism could come about get downing with a baseball participant being psychologically excessively mentally tough. While mental stamina can be a great feature in an jock it can besides be damaging to their wellness during athletics. It is an jock ‘s ability to continue when stressors are moving on their head and organic structure but they need to cognize their ain bounds and when it is appropriate to halt for their ain wellness and safety. In the ESPN the Magazine ( May 16, 2011 ) an article was released look intoing the exposures to injury that some jocks have chosen to confront to accomplish their end. There are many illustrations over the old ages were jocks have chosen to disregard warning marks refering their safeness and in some instances have become awfully injured. Socio-cultural factors express attitudes and features that are frequently observed in jocks that promote mental stamina. For illustration attitudes that digesting hurting shows Fe will and strength and reluctance to seek medical aid from fright of being seen as weak ( Wiese-Bjornstal and Shaffer, 1999 ) . Mental stamina can be instilled in an jock through constructing their assurance utilizing challenges and support. This may be from parents, friends or their manager. Most jocks are rewarded for ‘being tough ‘ which enforces the thought that mental stamina is a valuable property and many jocks live by the well-known stating â€Å" No hurting, no addition † . When an athlete becomes excessively mentally tough they may set themselves in danger of hurt. Baseball hurlers need to develop and play, each throw seting huge force on the rotator turnup musculuss of the shoulder. Mental stamina can do a hurler to transport on throwing even when his rotator turnup musculuss are fatigued. The hurler may non cognize of the dangers that he/she is confronting if their shoulder begins to hurt.— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — â₠¬â€ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —Rotator turnup cryings in hurlers are the consequence of a chronic tear from insistent throwing gesture which impinges one of both of the 2 of the four sinews ( the subscapularis or the supraspinatus ) . If the musculus becomes fatigued so its strength and the force it can use are weakened. ( Carsten Juel, 2006 ) Fatigue is a multifactorial state of affairs and that the confining factors may change with force strength, exercising continuance and musculus type. Coevals of metabolites in the fibers can step in with the release of ca2+ to excite contraction and inhibit reactions in the fibers. Metabolites such as Hydrogen ions ( H+ ) can do the intracellular fluid ( cytosol ) of the cell to go acidic ; this inhibits enzyme activity for bring forthing energy. H+ ions are used in the Creatine Kinase ( CK ) reaction and will displace this reaction to favor PCr dislocation. They besides inhibit Phosphofructokinase which phosphorylates fructose in glycolysis. H+ ions may besides lend to tire via: supplanting of ca2+ from adhering with troponin C, stimulation of hurting receptors in musculus ( could do negative feedback mechanism ) , decelerating the release of ADP from myosin ATPase. Although recent research has shown that intracellular acidosis may really heighten the ability of the T-tubule system to transport on action potencies during weariness ( Pederson et al, 2004 ) . Pederson et Al, Intracellular acidosis enhances the irritability of working musculus. Science 305:1144-1147, 2004 Other subscribers to increased H+ degrees are a decrease of intracellular [ K+ ] , synthesis of CP, and the buffering of CO2 produced in the chondriosome. Intracellular chloride can roll up and do little stimulations which make the fibers contract ( vellication of the musculus ) ; this has the consequence of cut downing the force of voluntary contractions. Potassium ( K+ ) released from action potencies can suppress the release of ca2+ when it builds up around the musculus fiber and in the T-tubule. The K+ changes the electric gradient around the fiber and causes a lessening in the release of ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic Reticulum into the myoplasm. Ca2+ within the myoplasm binds to troponin C, instigates motion of tropomyosin, and allows the cycling of cross Bridgess, which finally result in force development ( Allen et al, 2008 ) . Therefore amplitude of contractions will be reduced if there is less ca2+ to adhere to troponin C. If there is less ca2+ this besides allows for more H+ ions to adhere to troponin C, doing weariness. There are besides effects to muscle weariness concerned with the balance between K+ and Na ( Na+ ) but these take topographic point outside of the musculus fibers in the nervousnesss that innervate the fibers. Substrates within musculus cells normally serve as an energy supply for the cell. Substrates such as ATP, animal starch and creatine phosphate are depleted during exercising. When animal starch is used to bring forth energy lactate and H+ ions are produced as a byproduct. These H+ ions create an acidic environment in the cell that non merely inhibits the action of enzymes but besides block nervus signals from the encephalon. If there is non a sufficient O supply to take the H+ ions so fatigue will put in and the musculus will hold to decelerate down to let oxygenated blood to take the them. If there is non sufficient O so pyruvic acid ( besides a byproduct of glycolysis ) will accept H+ to organize lactic acid which is a well-known term used my jocks and managers. All of these factors I have merely talked about can do weariness. If the musculus begins to go fatigued the cross-bridge rhythm will non be working to its full consequence. This means when the rotator turnup musculuss are used to decelerate the arm down in the slowing phase the actin within the musculus fibers will non be able to adhere to the myosin as strongly. This locking mechanism is critical for keeping the musculus and doing certain that it does non stretch past its tensile strength which would do harm to the tissue ( micro cryings ) .— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —During throwing there are strong musculuss on the anterior plane of the shoulder ( pectoralis major, teres major, latissimus dorsi, subscapularis ) executing internal rotary motion of the humerus ( upwards of 7000 grades a 2nd ) ( Dillman et al, 1993 ) . It is estimated that merely half the force generated is produced from the shoulder, the other half is produced by the lower limbs and bole and travels through a kinetic concatenation to the upper limb. There are five stages of throwing which are wind-up, cocking, acceleration, slowing, and follow-through. There are about 200 grades rotary motion in the humerus during throwing ( 90 external and 110 internal ) so this velocity needs to be decelerated in a really short period of clip. ( Sepp Braun et Al. 2009 ) Show that the continuance of the acceleration stage, is merely 0.05 2nd, the greatest angular speeds and the largest alteration in rotary motion occur during this stage. While the concluding two stages, slowing and follow through last for around 0.35 seconds. In concurrence with this statement Kirchhoff and Imhoff 2010, have shown that in the slowing phase the compressive forces created by the rotator turnup is on norm around 1090 N and shear forces are created on the posterior plane of around 400 N. The rotator turnup musculuss do non hold great endurance and are far weaker than the musculuss on the anterior plane of the shoulder, so it is easy to see how cryings could develop. The supraspinatus is normally the musculus that is torn in baseball hurlers. This is because it is non considered an external rotator ; its chief map is to kidnap the arm. Due to its place it takes the initial strain of the stretch with internal rotary motion. It originates on the top of the shoulder blade to its interpolation on the greater tubercle of the humerus so it is easy to see how it is pulled when maximum internal rotary motion is exceeded. The tensile and shear forces placed on the musculus combine to do a tear to get down. Insistent usage of the rotator turnup musculuss to slow the throwing force can do micro cryings in the musculuss. These micro cryings can increase in figure if the rate of tissue dislocation exceeds the rate at which the organic structure can replace the damaged tissue. Reasoning the information I have provided above, it can been learned that the aetiology of rotator turnup cryings can affect a figure of subjects. This is merely one of the many fluctuations of subjects that work together to do the hurt. Mental stamina has caused a hurler to disregard marks of hurt in the shoulder, after uninterrupted throwing the forces moving on the musculuss fatigue the musculuss and do micro cryings which can develop into big painfull tear.— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — –A two manner disciplinary hurt mechanism could come about get down ing with a baseball hurler under psychological emphasis. Stress is a reaction by the organic structure when the individual feels under force per unit area or overwhelmed by something in the environment around them. It is caused by two things, whether the individual thinks the anxiousness is needed in the state of affairs and how their organic structure reacts to certain cognitive and thought procedures. If a baseball hurler is under emphasis this can do tenseness within the shoulder musculuss. Emotional emphasis can be caused by a figure of things such as jobs at work or a feverish agenda. Hans Selye ‘s GAS ( General Adaptation Syndrome ) theory from 1936 suggests that when emphasis is place upon a individual the individual undergoes 3 phases. The phases are alarm reaction, the phase of opposition and the phase of exhaustion. The dismay phase is described as an acute phase were the cardinal nervous system sends out signals to assorted countries of the organic structure to originate the â€Å" battle or flight responses † . The phase of opposition is when the organic structure begins to reconstruct homeostasis back to normal degrees or if the nerve-racking conditions continue the organic structure adapts and remains in a province of rousing. Lastly is the exhaustion phase, this is when the organic structure ‘s ability to defy the stressors has failed because its energy supply has gone. This is frequently referred to as adrenal weariness or overload. Findingss from research lab experiments ( Forsman et al. , 2002 ; Larsson et al. , 1995 ) show that non merely physical demands but besides cognitive factors and mental emphasis may bring on musculus tenseness. Small, low-threshold motor units are recruited at low degrees of contraction, before larger 1s, and are kept activated until complete relaxation of the musculus. If these recruited motor units are non relieved of their tenseness via exercising or massage etc harm to the motor nerve cells can happen ( Sjogaard et al. , 2000 ) . Therefore long permanent psychological emphasis may maintain low-threshold motor units active causing harm. An experiment ( Lundberg, Forsman et al. , 2002 ) utilizing intra-muscular recordings showed that these low threshold motor units can be activated by mental emphasis aswell as physical emphasis in the trapezius musculus. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.macses.ucsf.edu/research/allostatic/muscle.php # psychobiological Stress can do the baseball hurler to keep their shoulders in an unnatural defensive stance which creates tenseness. When a individual becomes under menace norepinephrine is released from the encephalon as portion of the â€Å" battle or flight † mechanism, this endocrine induced tenseness in the musculuss. If this tenseness is non relieved from the musculuss the musculuss will go stiff and will non hold their full scope of motion.— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — –If the shoulder does non hold full scope of motion because it is tense, its snap will be r educed as the musculus attempts to keep its ego in a inactive province. Every tissue has an elastic bound, this is described as the maximal burden that a stuff can prolong without lasting distortion or harm. Elasticity is needed to convey a musculus back to its normal length after it has been stretched out. Decreased snap can besides do stiffness in the musculus. Hill ( 1968 ) has provided grounds that in normal resting musculus cells, a little grade of cross-bridge interaction occurs and moderate cross-bride interaction occurs in tense musculus. This interaction must lend to evident musculus stiffness and loss of snap. If the hurler has a stiff shoulder with decreased elastic capacity, when they carry out the sequence of throwing stages the musculus will non shorten back to its original length every bit rapidly as when it is non tense. Repeatedly throwing will get down to weaken the musculus even further and the musculus will go even stiffer to seek and protect its ego from over stretching. This alone could do cryings in the musculus. The hurler may disregard the stiffness and seek to work the musculus harder to antagonize the fact that the musculus is stiffening its ego. The hurler will damage the tissues if they carry on and micro cryings will develop which could increase in figure and do one big tear. hypertext transfer protocol: //fionastefani.hubpages.com/hub/PhysiologyofStress In baseball hurlers, the overload of pitching has been linked with hurt and redness of the musculuss of the shoulder girdle composite. Pappas, A.M. , R.M. Zawacki, C.F. McCarthy. 1985. Rehabilitation of the fliping shoulder American Journal of Sports Medicine 13:223-235. Dillman CJ, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR. Biomechanics of fliping with accent upon shoulder kinematics. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1993 ; 18:402-8.— — — — — — — — –Int Orthop. 2010 October ; 34 ( 7 ) : 1049-1058. Published on-line 2010 May 19. Department of the Interior: 10.1007/s00264-010-1038-0 PMCID: PMC29890322.Posterosuperior and anterosuperior encroachment of the shoulder in overhead athletes-evolving constructsChlodwig Kirchhoff and Andreas B. Imhoff— — — — — — — — — — —3.Skeletal Muscle Fatigue: Cellular MechanismsD. G. Allen, G. D. Lamb, and H. Westerblad Department of the Interior: 10.aˆâ€ ¹1152/aˆâ€ ¹physrev.aˆâ€ ¹00015.aˆâ€ ¹2007 Physiol Rev January 2008 vol. 88 no. 1 287-332

How important was the fear of Trotsky becoming leader in explaining Stalin’s victory in the power struggle in the years 1924-1929? Essay

Everyone believed Trotsky would take leadership after Lenin died, even if they didn’t want him to. No one thought it would be Stalin. Therefore, Stalin felt he had to defeat Trotsky in order to become leader. However, the fear of Trotsky becoming leader isn’t the only factor in explaining Stalin’s victory in the power struggle. Lenin died, January 21 1924. This is when the Lenin Legacy begun. Stalin took it upon himself to give a speech at Stalin’s funeral; he personally swore to carry on the work of Lenin. As General Secretary he supervised the Lenin Enrolment (expansion of the party in tribute to Lenin). He published a book â€Å"Foundations of Leninism†, a basic understanding of Lenin’s ideas for the uneducated. Stalin emphasised his commitment to Lenin by dishonoring Trotsky and other Bolsheviks by saying they were unfaithful. Stalin used the Decree against Factionalism to accuse opponents of disloyalty to the memory of Lenin. Stalin used the Lenin Legacy to his advantage all the way through the power struggle. In 1924, when The Lenin Enrolment was announced, the party increased from 500,000 to over 1 million members by 1926. The new members were young, in-experienced and lacking education. This meant Stalin could easily influence them. Zinoviev and Kamenev both feared Trotsky’s power more than Stalin. They teamed up with Stalin, in order to over-throw Trotsky. He was unpopular as he was extremely arrogant. Thus when he missed Lenin’s funeral due to Stalin telling him the wrong date, he became even more hated. In a Marxist fashion, Trotsky travelled the world, informing people of world revolution. This meant Stalin could build a good relationship with Russia, persuading everyone he would carry on the work of Lenin. In December 1924, Stalin spoke of â€Å"socialism in one country† Trotsky strongly disagreed and as a result he was accused of Factionalism. In January 1925, the Central Committee removed Trotsky from the War Commissariat. From 1928 onwards Trotsky lived his life in exile before being murdered in 1940. Stalin had allied with Zinoviev and Kamenev but after Trotsky’s defeat they were concerned that Stalin had too much power within the Party. Kamenev was defeated, his lost control of the Moscow Party. However Zinoviev fought back, he held onto the Leningrad Party and attacked the NEP policy. They argued that it was capitalist and it was time to introduce rapid industrialisation. However, they also questioned Socialism in One Country, which meant the attack was also against Bukharin. They realised that without an international revolution they wouldn’t reach Marxism Utopia, as the economic backwardness of the country would destroy the Soviet Union. Therefore, Stalin and Bukharin united. Once again, Stalin accused Zinoviev of Factionalism. Bukharin’s popularity and Stalin’s control of the delegates allowed them to defeat Zinoviev. At the 14th Party Congress in December 1925, angry delegates shouted down the slander of Stalin and defeated the programme of Zinoviev and Kamenev by 559 votes to 65. 1926, Zinoviev lost control of Leningrad to be replaced as Chair of the Comintern by Bukharin. Following this, Zinoviev and Kamenev tried to form an alliance with Trotsky (he had spoke out about the NEP policy in 1924) but there was little trust between them. In 1926, they released copies of Lenin’s Political Testament but it didn’t work, they were seen as Factionalists. They were removed from The Central Committee and secret police were used to stop the Political Testament being published. They were sent to exile. Stalin had defeated the Left wing of the politburos; he now planned to attack the Right wing. By 1926, the Soviet Union was effectively ruled by Stalin and Bukharin. Stalin saw the NEP as a compromise with the peasantry. Ironically, he now agreed with the United Opposition’s policies to introduce rapid industrialisation. He turned against Bukharin, Rykov, and Tomsky. In November 1929 Bukharin lost his position in the politburo. Stalin used his powers as General Secretary to purge the trades’ leadership thus Tomsky losing his post on the Central Council of Trades Union and his place in the politburo in 1930. 21 December 1929, Stalin’s 50th birthday, Pravda call him â€Å"the Lenin of today†, Stalin had finally won the power struggle. When looking at all of the factors for why Stalin won the power struggle, the fear of Trotsky coming into power seems a small influence. However, it was the difference in personalities and different views for the county that kick started the power struggle. Trotsky did not fight for power; he simply fought for what he thought was right. Even though he was an ex-Menshevik, he kept closest to the theory of Marxism. For example, when he lost his role of The War Commissariat he didn’t fight back. He never believed he would be in charge because he was Jewish. While it was important, I do not believe the fear of Trotsky to be the crucial component in Stalin winning the power struggle. He was a vindictive creature that would go to the extremes to get what he wanted. His political genius was much more vital. Without it I don’t think he would have got where he did. He was cunning in the fact that he was able to not only defeat the bodies of the politburo but also, use their skills to his advantage and then turn against them. As well as this, being General Secretary was a big advantage, it allowed him to keep the Political Testament a secret. The Lenin Legacy was also extremely important. When he expanded the Bolshevik party, I believe he brainwashed many of the new members. He used their lack of education against them.

Social work Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social work - Movie Review Example Doing so will provide equal benefits to children from varying backgrounds. Liberals believe that only money matters when it comes to education. Hence, school choice is a conservative idea, and not a liberal idea. 4. Harlem Success Academy expansion in the public zone is protested against because some unions, like ACORN, do not want underprivileged youth to get better education through charter schools; since for these unions, such schools are only meant for white advantage elites who protect their money through these charter schools. There are also adult interests for jobs and union rules that are obstructing Harlem Academy expansion. 5. Public education is a â€Å"social welfare† issue according to the film, since it provides educational opportunities to children from all kinds of socio-economic, racial, and ethnic backgrounds. It is not intended only for the elite class. Public education is also affordable for low income

Malcolm X Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Malcolm X - Essay Example Malcolm writes: "My two other images of my father are two outside the home: he never pastured in any regular church of his own" (p. 7). Similar to his father, Malcolm created his own religion based on century-old traditions and values, morals and ideals. Malcolm's sister, Ella Collins, explained that Malcolm X was present at chapter meetings almost from birth. Political ideas and rebellious issues expressed in the meetings, formed personality of Malcolm and his life perception. Also, Malcolm admits that: "the image of him [father] that made me proudest was his crusading and militant campaigning with the words of Marcus Garvey (p. 8). Further, Malcolm became a militant leaders fighting for pride and self-determination of black people. Malcolm's childhood was filled with the emerging urban culture of Black America. Malcolm's rooting in the U.S. working class was incomplete. Riding the rails as a porter and later established in Harlem, the cultural capital of the Black world, Malcolm X developed a deep, if only partly conscious, sense of the peoplehood of the African American. Malcolm admits that: "it was only me that he sometimes tool with him to the Garvey UNIA meetings which he held quietly in different people's homes" (p. 8). Similar to his father, Malcolm supposed that no Black man at this time could be easily and unequivocally rooted in the working class. Malcolm's family and father was unusual in that it made the transition from the southern rural countryside to the northern urban city intact and started out as the nuclear family of the American Dream. During these years, Malcolm's father played both in the family and in the UNIA a strong leadership role. The "New Negro" concept embodied a new view of the role of Blacks in social change. It represented a further development of themes first seen in the Negro movement at the turn of the century. Malcolm's father was following a model of Black liberation popularized at this time. All these features have a great influence on Malcolm and his life aspirations. His father supposed that: "freedom, independence and self-respect could never be achieved by Negro in America" (p. 4). Further, Malcolm opposed this view fighting for racial equality and identity politics. To some extent, the full power of Malcolm's intellect was held in check due to the magnetism of his father's personality and the very special and personal role that he played in Malcolm's life. Political figure of his father had immense power and prestige, and obviously one that Malcolm X did not subject to his otherwise methodical scrutiny. It is possible to say that Malcolm used Black national ideas of his father and transform them into a separate national movement, but later expelled that nationalism from the NOI to protect its theology from internal criticism and to deflect an activist thrust which would lead to repression. For Malcolm, he embodied wisdom represented as a keeper of Negro's traditions and values. "I reflected many, many times to myself upon how the American Negro has been entirely brainwashed from ever seeing or thinking of himself, as he should, as a part of the nonwhite peoples of the world" (p. 56). These ideas helped Malcolm to create a framework for the reformulation of Black nationalism in a more internationalist and revolutionary manner and thus facilitated the linking of the Civil Rights movement with the

Quiz two Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Quiz two - Essay Example The average cost of repairs under warranty is $45 for labour and $75 for parts per unit. During 2012, 2,500 exercise machines were sold at an average price of $800. During the year, 60 of the machines that were sold were repaired at the average price per unit. The opening balance in the Warranty Liability account is zero. 30. Taylor Companys payroll for the week ending January 15 amounted to $50,000 for Office Salaries and $120,000 for Store Wages. The following deductions were withheld from employees salaries and wages: On January 1, 2010, Andrews Corporation issued $900,000, 8%, 5-year bonds dated January 1, 2010, at 100 (this value was assumed as it was not given in the document) to yield 9%. The bonds pay semi-annual interest on January 1 and July 1. The company has a December 31 year end. On January 1, 2010, Callahan Corporation issued $600,000, 9%, 5-year bonds, dated January 1, 2007, at 104. The bonds pay interest semi-annually on January 1 and July 1. The company has a December 31 year end. Assume amortization of $1,700 and $2,100 respectively for the first two semi-annual interest periods. Hanna Manufacturing Limited receives $240,000 on January 1, 2010 when it issues a 6%, 3-year note payable to finance the purchase of equipment. The terms provide for annual payments each December 31. The first payment is due December 31, 2010. (a) Hillman Corporation purchased $150,000 of its bonds on June 30, 2011, at 102 and immediately retired them. The amortized cost of the bonds on the retirement date was $137,700. The bonds pay semi-annual interest and the interest payment due on June 30, 2011, has been made and recorded. (b) Dalton, Inc. purchased $200,000 of its bonds at 96 on June 30, 2011, and immediately retired them. The amortized cost of the bonds on the retirement date was $196,500. The bonds pay semi-annual interest and the interest payment due on June 30, 2011,

How is war understood in the Realist theoretical tradition Outline

How is war understood in the Realist theoretical tradition - Outline Example It is established in this analysis that the Realist theoretical tradition has been the most pertinent theoretical perspective on the subject of war and conflict in the post-Cold War order in the world. Realism is one of the most important positivist theories which focus on state security and power Introduction The end of Cold War brought about an inevitable focus on the concept of war and conflict in the study of international relations and several significant theoretical perspectives emerged. It is essential to realize that the realist, liberal, and radical traditions have been the most significant theoretical perspectives dealing with war and conflict in the international relations theory. Significantly, the realist theoretical tradition of war maintains that there is an enduring propensity for conflict between states in the international relations, whereas the liberal theoretical tradition identifies various ways to alleviate the conflictive tendencies and the radical theoretical tradition emphasizes on the of transformation of the entire system of state relations. As Little and Smith (2006) maintain, the realist theoretical tradition was the most dominant theoretical perspective all through the Cold War. ... ures of the American-Soviet rivalry.†1 It is pertinent to establish that state security and power above other states are the essential components of the realist theoretical tradition regarding war and conflict. Significantly, realism is not a single theory and it has several classifications which evolved considerably during the Cold War period. In an examination of how war is understood in the realist theoretical tradition, it becomes evident that the intellectual construct called ‘realism’ focuses on international anarchy, insecurity, and the state, and it provides an effective way to deal with the contemporary world politics. As it remains the overriding paradigm in the study of international relations, it is fundamental to analyze how the realist theoretical tradition explains war. Significantly, the realist theoretical tradition relies heavily on the structure of the international system or the distribution of power as the major element in explaining foreign po licies and international outcomes. â€Å"If realism provides a worthwhile explanatory framework, then propositions derived from it should yield insights about state strategies and behavior in light of this shift in the global distribution of power†¦ Realism remains a powerful and valuable explanatory framework, the end of the Cold War notwithstanding.†2 Therefore, it is important to recognize that the role of the realist theoretical tradition remains unquestioned even in the contemporary international relations and world politics, and an analysis of the realist interpretation of the concept of war is most warranted. Scope of the Study In a world threatened by the realities of war in spite of the existence of several theoretical frameworks for international relations, it is fundamental to be aware of the